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The key link of pollution-free fish farming
In addition to using pollution-free fish and feed, the key to preventing and controlling fish diseases lies in maintaining a healthy aquatic environment. Below are several effective practices that have been proven to reduce disease occurrence in fish farming.
Studies on symbiotic environments show that when aquatic plants coexist with fish in the same pond, fish suffer fewer diseases. This discovery has provided a new approach to managing pollution-free aquaculture.
In fish ponds, common aquatic plants include rice and lotus roots. The layout should be oriented east-west, with rows spaced about 33 cm apart, covering no more than 50% of the water surface to ensure good light penetration. Water depth depends on the plant species: rice typically requires less than 30 cm, while lotus roots need over 50 cm. Fish waste and leftover feed settle at the bottom, decomposing and potentially creating harmful pathogens. However, aquatic plants absorb these as nutrients, reducing pathogen growth and lowering the risk of fish disease.
Newly constructed fish ponds that integrate planting and breeding have fewer pathogens and thus experience fewer disease outbreaks compared to older ponds. To prevent this, it's recommended to rotate between fish farming and plant cultivation. For example, one pond can be used for fish in one year, and the next year it can be planted with crops. This rotation helps break the cycle of disease transmission, as pathogens affecting fish do not affect plants, and vice versa.
Herbs like pine needles, eucalyptus leaves, willow leaves, buckwheat leaves, water calamus, and gall are commonly found near fish ponds. When dead fish appear or fish stop feeding suddenly, collecting these herbs, cutting them into small pieces, and boiling them in clean water can create a natural remedy. After the liquid is reduced, it can be added to the pond at a rate of 15-30 kg per mu. The water turns brown but remains safe for fish, helping to control and prevent potential diseases.
In practice, ecosystems with greater biodiversity tend to be more resilient and resistant to disease. A diverse range of species, such as grass carp, carp, bigmouth bass, black mullet, whitefish, Chinese sturgeon, turtles, squids, wild fish, snails, and oysters, can coexist in the same pond. Each species occupies a different ecological niche, forming a complex food web. Predatory fish help control diseased individuals, while bottom-dwelling species like eels and squids destroy disease-prone environments.
Over time, fish ponds with more fleas tend to have healthier fish. Earthworms are believed to inhibit and kill pathogens. By introducing earthworms into ponds, especially near the inflow, and ensuring there are more than five ponds per mu, the ecosystem can naturally resist disease. These worms can be released after a few days to avoid death and re-introduced every two to three years to maintain effectiveness.
Regarding drug residues, it refers to the remaining compounds of fish medications and their metabolites in edible parts of aquatic products, including impurities. According to regulations, certain substances like chloramphenicol, furazolidone, and sulfonamides must not be detected. Synergists are allowed up to 100 μg/kg. It's also crucial to observe withdrawal periods, which are the time between the last drug administration and when fish can be safely sold. Withdrawal times vary by drug, such as 5 days for bleaching powder, 30 days for oxytetracycline, and 25 days for oxolinic acid. Adhering to these guidelines ensures safer, higher-quality aquatic products.