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Cowshed construction
The design of a cowshed should be carefully planned based on local climate conditions and the operational needs of the cattle farm. The structure should be simple, locally sourced, cost-effective, and practical while meeting veterinary hygiene standards and being scientifically sound. If possible, high-quality and durable materials should be used to ensure long-term use. Ideally, the cowshed should face south or southeast to maximize natural light and ventilation. It must have sufficient windows in terms of both number and size to allow for proper sunlight exposure and air circulation. The roof should have adequate thickness for good thermal insulation.
Basic Structure:
1. The foundation and walls should be 80–100 cm deep. The brick walls should be 24 cm thick. The ridge height of a double-slope barn should be between 4.0–5.0 meters, with the front and back heights ranging from 3.0–3.5 meters. The inner walls should not be fully enclosed to prevent moisture from seeping in and to improve structural stability and insulation.
2. Doors and windows should be approximately 2.1–2.2 meters in height and 2–2.5 meters in width. Doors are typically installed as double doors, or they can be sliding or roll-up doors. Windows should be large, measuring 1.5 meters in height and 1.5 meters in width, with the window sill placed about 1.2 meters above the floor for optimal lighting and airflow.
3. The site area should include space for cattle production, management, and staff facilities. The size of the farm should be calculated based on the space required per cow, considering long-term planning. Cowsheds and other buildings should occupy 15–20% of the total site area. Depending on factors such as herd size, purpose, and feeding methods, the space required per cow varies. For fattening cattle, it is typically 1.6–4.6 square meters per animal, while stall-fed cattle require 1.6–2.0 square meters per stall.
4. The most common type of roof is the double-slope design. This style is suitable for larger barns and can accommodate all types of cattle. It is economical, energy-efficient, and easy to construct.
5. Cattle beds and feeding troughs are essential components. Most cattle are fed through fixed troughs. A typical cattle bed is 1.6–1.8 meters long and 1.0–1.2 meters wide, with a slope of 1.5%. The feeding trough should be placed in front of the bed, and a fixed cement trough is ideal. It should be 0.6–0.8 meters wide at the top and 0.35–0.40 meters wide at the bottom, with a curved shape. The outer edge should be 0.6–0.8 meters high, aligned with the walkway. To make operations more efficient, a high-aisle channel should be constructed so that the edges of the troughs and channels are on the same level.
6. In a double-row cowshed with a central passage and manure ditch, the median width should be around 4.0–4.5 meters. The passageway should be wide enough to allow feeding carts to move freely. If a single passage is used, the road width should be at least 3 meters, including the space for the feed tank. The manure and urine ditch should be 0.25–0.3 meters wide and 0.15–0.3 meters deep, with a slope of 1:150 to 1:100 for effective drainage.