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Non-pollution Cultivation Techniques of Huangpi Onion
The nursery bed preparation involved mixing garden soil that had not been used for planting in the past three years with high-quality decomposed organic fertilizers, which accounted for 30% to 40% of the mixture. To ensure a healthy growing environment, the soil was sterilized using a combination of 50% carbendazim wettable powder and 50% thiram wettable powder. Additionally, 50% phoxim EC was added to the irrigation water at the bottom of the seedbed to control underground pests effectively.
Sowing is best done between September and October in the Lianyungang area, with a recommended seeding rate of 150–200 grams per 667 square meters. Before sowing, seeds were air-dried for 8–10 hours to improve germination rates. The seedbeds were set up to be 1.0–1.5 meters wide and 10–15 meters long, with a fine, level surface. A layer of water was applied to the base, penetrating about 8–10 cm into the soil. Once the water had soaked in, dry seeds were evenly spread and covered with a thin layer of soil approximately 1 cm thick.
Seedbed management included covering the beds with straw or shade nets to provide protection from direct sunlight, maintain moisture, and prevent erosion. Watering was avoided until the seedlings emerged. When about 70% of the seedlings had appeared, the coverings were removed in the evening to avoid sunburn and excessive growth. The seedling stage typically lasted 7–10 days, during which weeding was performed 2–3 times, especially after the seedlings developed two leaves. If the seedlings were weak, irrigation was carried out, and 5 kg of urea per 667 square meters was applied to promote growth.
Pest control at the seedling stage involved spraying a 50% phoxim solution diluted 800 times to manage tobacco budworms, and applying a 72% agricultural streptomycin solution diluted 2000 times to combat bacterial damping-off.
For transplanting, seedlings were ready when they had 3–4 true leaves, which usually occurred 55–60 days after sowing. Fields that had not been planted with onions or garlic for 2–3 years were selected due to their lower pathogen and nematode levels. Four thousand to five thousand kilograms of well-decomposed organic fertilizer were applied per 667 square meters, along with 50 kg of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. The soil was deeply tilled to a depth of 20 cm to ensure even distribution of nutrients. After leveling, raised beds of 1.2–1.5 meters in width were created, depending on the mulch size. Mulch was laid 4–5 days before planting, and 150 ml of 48% trifluralin was sprayed per 667 square meters to suppress weeds. The mulch was compacted to prevent wind damage during winter.
Transplanting was done 1–2 days after watering the seedbed to minimize root damage. Healthy, disease-free seedlings were selected and planted at a spacing of 15 cm x 13 cm, resulting in 22,000–25,000 plants per 667 square meters. After planting, a thorough irrigation was conducted.
Field management involved avoiding fast-acting fertilizers before winter. Cold water was applied before the arrival of severe cold to keep the soil moist and protect the seedlings from drying and freezing. In mid-to-late March of the following year, as the onion seedlings turned green, shallow cultivation was performed, and 20 kg of urea per 667 square meters was applied during irrigation. By early April, the leaf growth entered a vigorous phase, and an additional 20 kg of urea and 20 kg of compound phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were applied to meet the nutritional needs of the plants.
During the bulb expansion period, which occurs from late April to mid-May, the leaves stop growing and transfer their energy to the bulbs. This is a critical time for phosphorus demand. Applying 30 kg of compound phosphorus and potassium fertilizer or diammonium phosphate per 667 square meters ensures proper bulb development. Irrigation should be maintained every 10–15 days to keep the soil consistently moist.
Pest and disease control focused on managing “two pests†— thrips, purple spot, and downy mildew. Prevention was prioritized, with regular spraying of 25% fennel chrysanthemum vinegar or 20% speed killing ding diluted 2000 times to control thrips. For purple spot, a 75% white bacteria solution diluted 600 times or 70% mancozeb diluted 500 times was used. Downy mildew was managed with a 50% acetaminophen solution diluted 1000 times. Spraying was repeated every 7–10 days for 2–3 applications, and a 3–4-year crop rotation system was implemented.
Harvesting took place 2 weeks before the final harvest. Leaves were still green, so a 2,500 mg/L qingshui (MH) solution was sprayed at a rate of about 120 kg per 667 square meters to prevent sprouting during storage. Tubular leaves could be harvested 5–7 days after natural lodging. Harvesting was done on sunny days, and the onion bulbs were pulled up and left to dry on the surface for 1–2 days. The false stems became soft and were removed, leaving 2–3 cm of stem or keeping it full. After harvesting, the onions were dried thoroughly, either by hanging or stacking in open areas. During storage, the onions were turned 2–3 times, and any damaged bulbs were removed promptly to prevent contamination.