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Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Strawberry Two-leafhoppers
With the continuous expansion of winter jujube cultivation and the increasing number of years in production, the occurrence of various pests and diseases has been rising year by year, posing a growing threat to the safety and sustainability of winter jujube farming. Common diseases affecting winter jujubes include leaf spot, dry rot, fruit shrinkage, date rust, and anthracnose. Insect pests such as jujube fruit borer, jujube bud mite, jujube red spider, aphids, cotton bollworms, and others are also prevalent. Currently, chemical control remains the primary method for managing these issues. While it can temporarily suppress pest and disease outbreaks, it often harms beneficial organisms within the orchard, leading to secondary infestations, increased pesticide resistance, and even more severe pest problems. Moreover, excessive pesticide residues in winter jujube products threaten market competitiveness and the economic stability of farmers.
To address these challenges, pollution-free control methods have become essential. These include:
**1. Agricultural Control**
Agricultural practices not only help manage pests and diseases but also promote healthy tree growth, leading to higher yields and better quality without environmental harm.
- **Selecting Healthy Seedlings and Proper Planting Density**: Choose high-quality seedlings with strong growth, well-developed roots, and no signs of damage. The orchard should be located in an area with clean air, pure water, uncontaminated soil, good drainage, and sufficient sunlight. Planting depth should match the root level of the seedling, avoiding deep planting that hinders growth. A reasonable density—such as 2m x 3m or 3m x 4m—is recommended to prevent overcrowding and ensure adequate light and air circulation.
- **Increasing Organic Fertilization**: Applying organic manure improves soil structure, enhances nutrient availability, and strengthens the tree's natural resistance to pests and diseases. Apply 20–50 kg per young tree and 2 kg of high-quality organic fertilizer per kilogram of jujube produced. Use ring or radial fertilization techniques depending on the tree’s age.
- **Removing Old Bark and Pruning**: Scrape old bark from trunks and main branches in autumn to eliminate overwintering pests. Clear fallen leaves, weeds, and diseased fruits to reduce pest populations. This practice helps maintain a cleaner orchard environment.
- **Soil Management**: Deep plowing before winter helps destroy insect pupae and reduces their survival rate. Covering the tree base with plastic film prevents pests like jujube fruit borers from emerging.
- **Thinning Fruits and Managing Tree Load**: Thin flowers and fruits to avoid excessive nutrient consumption. Maintain a balanced fruit load to keep trees vigorous and resistant to diseases.
- **Pruning for Better Structure**: Prune to improve air circulation and light penetration. Remove competing branches and shape the tree according to standard forms like the sparse layer or free spindle.
- **Using Grass Ties for Pest Trapping**: In late September, tie grass around the trunk to trap overwintering pests, which can then be burned after the leaves fall.
- **Balanced Fertilization**: Ensure proper ratios of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Apply foliar sprays during key growth stages to address specific nutrient deficiencies.
- **Water Management**: Avoid overwatering or drought stress. Drain excess water during rainy seasons to prevent disease spread.
**2. Biological Control**
Biological methods are crucial for reducing chemical dependency. Use bacterial agents like streptomycin for bacterial diseases, and antibiotics such as 120 for fungal infections. Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) is effective against caterpillars, while releasing Trichogramma wasps can control lepidopteran pests. Protect natural predators like ants, frogs, and birds by creating habitats within the orchard.
**3. Physical and Mechanical Control**
Manual removal of pests, such as jujube fruit borers, can be effective. Light traps, yellow sticky boards, and sweet-vine traps can also be used to capture insects. These methods are environmentally friendly and reduce the need for chemicals.
**4. Chemical Prevention (with Caution)**
If necessary, use non-polluting pesticides like lime sulfur or green shield Feng. Avoid applying chemical pesticides one month before harvest to minimize residue risks. Always follow safe application guidelines to protect both the environment and human health.
By integrating these strategies, farmers can effectively manage pests and diseases in winter jujube orchards while ensuring sustainable and safe production.