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Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Strawberry Two-leafhoppers
With the continuous expansion of winter jujube cultivation and the increasing number of years in production, the occurrence of various pests and diseases has been rising year by year, posing a growing threat to the safety and sustainability of winter jujube farming. Common diseases affecting winter jujubes include leaf spot, dry rot, fruit shrivel, date rust, and anthracnose. Insect pests such as the jujube fruit borer, jujube bud mite, jujube red spider, peach borer, aphids, and cotton bollworm are also prevalent. Currently, chemical control is the primary method used for managing these issues. While it may provide temporary relief, it often harms beneficial organisms in the orchard, leading to secondary pest outbreaks and increased reliance on chemical pesticides. This cycle not only reduces biodiversity but also results in excessive pesticide residues in jujube products, which can negatively impact both domestic and international market demand and reduce farmers' income.
To address these challenges, pollution-free pest and disease control measures are essential. These include agricultural, biological, physical, and mechanical methods that promote sustainable and eco-friendly practices.
**1. Agricultural Control**
Agricultural practices play a key role in reducing pest and disease incidence while ensuring healthy growth and high-quality yields. Selecting non-toxic seedlings with strong root systems and good growth is crucial. The orchard should be located in areas with clean air, pure water, and uncontaminated soil, with proper drainage and irrigation. Planting density must be carefully managed—too dense can lead to poor light penetration and higher humidity, creating ideal conditions for pests and diseases. A spacing of 2m x 3m or 3m x 4m is typically recommended.
Applying organic fertilizer improves soil structure, enhances root development, and boosts the tree's resistance to pests and diseases. It should be applied in autumn or early spring, with young trees receiving 20–50 kg per plant and mature trees receiving about 2 kg of organic fertilizer per kilogram of yield. Proper pruning helps maintain an open canopy, improving air circulation and light exposure, which reduces disease pressure. Additionally, removing old bark from the trunk and pruning diseased branches can help eliminate overwintering pests.
**2. Biological Control**
Biological control methods involve using natural enemies or bio-pesticides to manage pests and diseases. For example, bacterial agents like streptomycin can be used to control bacterial diseases, while fungal infections can be managed with antibiotics like 120. Insect pests such as worms and mites can be controlled using bio-insecticides like avermectin or Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis). Releasing Trichogramma wasps during the egg-laying period of lepidopteran pests can also be effective. Protecting beneficial insects like ants, frogs, and birds in the orchard is essential for maintaining ecological balance.
**3. Physical and Mechanical Control**
Physical methods include manually removing pests, using yellow sticky traps to capture whiteflies and aphids, and setting up light traps to attract nocturnal pests. Sweet and sour baits made from brown sugar, vinegar, and water can also be used to lure and trap pests. These methods are environmentally friendly and can be used alongside other control strategies.
**4. Chemical Control (with caution)**
Chemical pesticides should be used sparingly and only when necessary. When applied, they must follow strict safety guidelines, and no chemicals should be used one month before harvest. Safe alternatives such as lime sulfur or green shield fungicides can be used during critical growth stages to minimize environmental impact.
By integrating these methods, farmers can achieve long-term, sustainable pest and disease management, ensuring safe, high-quality winter jujubes for both local and global markets.