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Roots of traditional Chinese medicine cultivation techniques
"Expert Lecture Series 6: Chinese Medicinal Plant Cultivation Techniques"
Campanulaceae, commonly known as Tong Keli, is mainly cultivated in provinces such as Anhui, Jiangsu, Hubei, and Henan. It is primarily used for medicinal purposes, with its stems being the key part harvested.
Platycodon grandiflorum, also known as Bellflower, typically grows in wild grasslands on hillside areas. It thrives in warm, humid, and sunny environments, with an ideal temperature of around 20°C. It prefers well-drained sandy loam soil that is loose, fertile, and deep.
Cultivation Techniques:
First, site selection and preparation. As a deep-rooted plant, Platycodon requires a well-prepared field. Choose a location with full sunlight, deep soil, and good drainage. Before sowing, apply 1500–2000 kg of fully decomposed manure, 50 kg of oil cake, and 30 kg of superphosphate as base fertilizer (it's best to mix and pile them together). Deep plow the land to 30 cm, and create ridges that are 1.2–1.4 meters wide, 15 cm high, and 30 cm wide. The nursery area should be 1 to 1.2 meters wide, using similar land preparation methods.
Second, propagation methods. Seed propagation is commonly used. Select seeds from plants that are at least two years old (do not use annual "doll" seeds). Seeds have a short lifespan of one year, so they should not be stored for more than a year. There are two main methods: direct sowing and transplanting seedlings, with direct sowing being more efficient.
(a) Direct Sowing: The best time for autumn sowing is between early October and November, with earlier planting being better. Spring sowing should take place between late March and early April, and plastic film should be used to cover the seeds. Summer and autumn sowing times are more flexible. Drill furrows 15–25 cm apart, 1.5–2 cm deep and 10 cm wide. Mix the seeds with ash, spread them evenly into the furrows, and cover with a thin layer of fine soil. Finally, cover the area with a layer of grass. In spring of the following year, the seeds will germinate. Use 0.5–1 kg of seeds per mu. After germination, remove the covering grass. When the seedlings reach 4 cm in height, thin them out to 5–7 cm. When the seedlings are about 8 cm tall, they can be transplanted.
(b) Transplanting Seedlings: For spring sowing, plant between February and March. Summer and autumn sowing can be done at any time. Open shallow furrows 10–13 cm apart and 1–1.5 cm deep. Mix the seeds with ash and spread them evenly into the furrows. Cover with a thin layer of fine soil, ensuring the seeds are not visible. Cover the surface with a layer of grass to keep it moist. Remove the grass immediately after the seedlings emerge. When the seedlings are 2 cm tall, they can be transplanted. At 3–4 cm, space them 3–5 cm apart. Use approximately 1.5 kg of seedlings per acre. After one year of growth, they can be transplanted to the main field. In the autumn or winter when the stems and leaves wither, transplant them before the next spring's sprouting. Plant them in rows spaced 15–20 cm apart, with 5–7 cm between individual plants. Firm the soil after planting.
Field Management:
1. Weeding: Campanulaceae grows slowly during the early stages, so timely weeding is essential. Perform weeding 4 times in the first year and 2–3 times in the second year.
2. Fertilization: Apply diluted human urine 1–2 times during the seedling stage, with 1500–2000 kg per mu each time. In early June, apply phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, along with 2000 kg of manure and 25–30 kg of superphosphate per acre. After winter, apply over-wintering fertilizer, combining it with soil cultivation. During summer, control nitrogen fertilizer and apply phosphorus and potassium to strengthen the stalks and prevent lodging.
3. Drainage: Ensure proper drainage during the rainy season, especially in summer, to prevent waterlogging and root rot.
4. Bud Removal: To promote the development of the main root, remove all buds except one per plant. This prevents the formation of multiple forked roots, which can reduce quality.
5. Thinning and Fruit Thinning: Spraying 40% ethephon diluted 1000 times at full bloom has proven effective in reducing excessive fruit set, thereby increasing yield.
6. Preventing Lodging: Spray chlorella, paclobutrazol, or daiminos on two-year-old plants to prevent them from falling over.