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Why hybrid rice is empty
In recent years, the promotion of hybrid rice has led to a high rate of empty pods, primarily due to its physiological weaknesses. The key factors contributing to this issue are as follows:
First, hybrid rice often exhibits low photosynthetic efficiency during later growth stages, which significantly increases the empty pod rate. Research shows that, aside from the tillering stage, the photosynthetic efficiency at the young spikelet differentiation, booting, and milk ripening stages is lower than that of traditional rice. Although hybrid rice benefits from strong early photosynthesis, leading to large panicles, the reduced efficiency in later stages results in insufficient filling material, causing more empty grains compared to conventional varieties.
Second, hybrid rice has limited adaptability to temperature fluctuations, making it vulnerable to both high and low temperatures. Most hybrid rice varieties cultivated in China have male parents from Southeast Asia, which are highly sensitive to temperature changes. The biological development threshold for hybrid rice is about 1–2°C higher than that of traditional rice. When average daily temperatures fall below 23°C, the earing rate rises sharply, but necking becomes more severe. Conversely, when temperatures exceed 35°C, the shell rate increases significantly.
Third, hybrid rice generally has weaker resistance to diseases and pests. Many currently promoted hybrid combinations are susceptible to major pests, especially with their lush foliage, dark green leaves, and long grain-filling period. Hybrid rice seedlings also tend to have 3–4 times more plants per unit area than conventional rice under similar population densities. If pest control is delayed, the damage can be more severe than in traditional rice.
To improve the seed setting rate of hybrid rice, several measures are commonly used in practice:
One effective approach is proper nurturing and growth management. The development of different parts of the rice plant requires a gradual process, especially in early and late rice. Vegetative growth typically takes up about half to three-quarters of the time in the field. Proper aging is crucial for high yields. The shorter the growing period after transplanting, the more important it is to ensure strong and healthy growth.
Another key strategy is appropriate planting age and reasonable density. Hybrid rice has medium photosensitivity and moderate basic nutrient growth, with some flexibility in age. Timely transplanting helps avoid seedling aging and fully utilize the advantages of early growth, leading to higher yields. With large panicles and strong tillering ability, hybrid rice requires a looser planting density than conventional rice. However, it's essential to protect some healthy seedlings while ensuring enough panicles for balanced development of grains and weight.
Proper fertilization is also critical. Increasing phosphorus and potassium fertilizers during the early growth stage, controlling them moderately in the middle stage, and applying granular fertilizer later can help improve overall plant health and grain quality.
Water management plays an equally important role. After transplanting, seedlings are usually protected with deep water. During the tillering phase, shallow irrigation is preferred, and the field should be kept dry at the end of this period. Avoid exposing the plants to direct sunlight for too long; instead, use light drying and wetting cycles. During the maturation stage, water should not be cut off entirely, as this can lead to premature aging and reduce grain weight.