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Fertilizer demand characteristics and application method of peanut
Peanuts are a vital economic crop in China, playing a significant role in both food production and industrial applications. Rich in fats and proteins, they are not only consumed as food but also used as animal feed. As an important raw material for industry and a major export commodity, peanuts hold a crucial position in the national economy. Currently, the average peanut yield in China is approximately 3000 kg per square kilometer, but there is still considerable potential for increasing productivity. Implementing scientific and rational fertilization practices is one of the most effective ways to boost yields and improve quality.
Understanding the specific nutrient requirements of peanuts is essential for optimizing their growth. Each nutrient plays a unique role in plant development and yield:
1. **Nitrogen**: Nitrogen is critical for the synthesis of proteins, chlorophyll, and phospholipids, which help promote lush foliage, more flowers, and better pod development. A deficiency can lead to yellow or white leaves, weak stems, and reduced yields. However, excessive nitrogen may cause overgrowth and lower quality.
2. **Phosphorus**: Phosphorus supports seed germination, root development, and the formation of healthy nodules. It also enhances cold and drought resistance. A lack of phosphorus can result in stunted growth, poor flowering, and low yields.
3. **Potassium**: Potassium improves photosynthesis efficiency, strengthens plant structure, and enhances disease and drought resistance. It also helps maintain proper leaf function and supports the symbiotic relationship between peanuts and rhizobia.
4. **Calcium**: Calcium is essential for root and nodule development, pod formation, and reducing empty shells. It also helps regulate soil pH and promotes microbial activity in the soil.
In addition to macronutrients, trace elements like molybdenum, iron, manganese, boron, and sulfur are also important. Molybdenum aids in nitrogen fixation by rhizobia, while iron is necessary for chlorophyll production. Boron enhances calcium uptake and plays a key role in pollination and fruit set. Sulfur is involved in protein synthesis, and its deficiency can lead to discolored leaves and reduced growth.
To maximize yield and quality, fertilization should be based on the specific needs of the plants. A balanced approach combining organic and inorganic fertilizers is recommended. Organic fertilizers improve soil structure and support beneficial microbial activity, while inorganic fertilizers provide quick nutrient availability.
**Fertilization Strategies:**
- **Base Fertilizer**: This is applied before planting and forms the foundation for strong growth. It usually includes a mix of organic and inorganic materials, with over 80% of total fertilizer being base fertilizer. Combining phosphate with organic matter for 15–20 days before application can enhance its effectiveness. Seed treatment with rhizobia and trace elements like molybdenum or boron can further boost growth.
- **Topdressing**: Timely application of nutrients during key growth stages is crucial. For example, urea and superphosphate can be applied before flowering, while gypsum and superphosphate can be used after flowering to support pod development. Foliar sprays of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and urea can also be used in the later stages to improve fruit setting and fullness.
By following these scientifically-based fertilization methods, farmers can significantly increase peanut yields while maintaining high-quality standards.