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Fertilizer demand characteristics and application method of peanut
Peanuts are a vital economic crop in China, playing a crucial role in both food and industrial sectors. Rich in fats and proteins, they are not only consumed as food but also used as animal feed. As an important raw material for industry and a major export commodity, peanuts hold significant value in the national economy. Currently, the average yield of peanuts in China is approximately 3,000 kg per square kilometer, and there is still considerable potential for yield improvement. Implementing scientific and rational fertilization practices is one of the most effective ways to boost production and ensure sustainable growth.
To achieve optimal results, it's essential to understand the specific nutrient requirements of peanuts. Proper fertilization based on these needs can meet the plants' nutritional demands, maximize fertilizer efficiency, and ultimately increase both yield and quality.
First, let’s look at the key nutrient requirements of peanuts:
1. **Nitrogen**: Nitrogen plays a vital role in the synthesis of proteins, chlorophyll, and phospholipids, which promote lush foliage, abundant flowering, and well-filled pods. A deficiency in nitrogen leads to yellow or white leaves, red stems, reduced root nodules, and lower yields. However, excessive nitrogen can cause overgrowth, leading to poor yield and quality.
2. **Phosphorus**: Phosphorus is essential for fat and protein synthesis, seed germination, and root development. It enhances cold and drought tolerance and supports pod formation. A lack of phosphorus causes slow growth, poor root development, and low productivity.
3. **Potassium**: Potassium boosts photosynthesis, improves the transport of nutrients within the plant, and strengthens disease and drought resistance. It also promotes the symbiosis between peanuts and rhizobia. Deficiency leads to poor metabolism, dark green leaf edges, and reduced photosynthetic activity.
4. **Calcium**: Calcium helps in root and nodule development, improves pod filling, and reduces empty shells. It also helps regulate soil pH and enhance microbial activity. A calcium deficiency results in stunted growth and low yields.
In addition to these macronutrients, trace elements like molybdenum, iron, manganese, boron, and sulfur are also important. Molybdenum aids in nitrogen fixation by rhizobia, while iron is necessary for chlorophyll formation. Boron supports calcium uptake and fertilization, and sulfur is involved in protein synthesis.
Second, applying fertilizers according to the specific needs of peanuts is critical. A balanced approach combining organic and inorganic fertilizers is recommended. Organic fertilizers improve soil structure, enhance microbial activity, and provide a steady supply of nutrients. Combining them with chemical fertilizers can reduce losses and improve efficiency.
**Base Fertilizer Application**:
Base fertilizer should make up more than 80% of the total application. It includes both pre-sowing and seed fertilizers. Applying organic manure along with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers is ideal. To enhance phosphate efficiency, it's advisable to mix phosphate fertilizers with organic matter for 15–20 days before application. Seed treatment with rhizobia can improve nitrogen fixation, and adding small amounts of molybdenum or boron solutions can help supplement trace elements.
**Timely Topdressing**:
During the early flowering stage, apply urea (80–100 kg/km²) and superphosphate (150–200 kg/km²). After flowering, apply gypsum (300–400 kg/km²) and additional superphosphate to support pod development. If topdressing is not possible during the fruit-filling stage, foliar sprays of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (0.2%) and urea (2%) can be applied 1–2 times to improve fruit set and fullness.
By following these scientifically sound fertilization strategies, farmers can significantly improve peanut yields, quality, and overall profitability.