L-Ascorbic Acid, also known as Vitamin C, is a six-carbon lactone produced by plants and some animal species but not by humans and other primates. Ascorbic acid functions as an enzymatic cofactor for multiple enzymes, serving as an electron donor for monooxygenases and dioxygenases.
Application:
1. Antiscorbutic, antiviral
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2. Analgesic, antipyretic
3. Physiological antioxidant. Coenzyme for a number of hydroxylation reactions; required for collagen synthesis. Widely distributed in plants and animals. Inadequate intake results in deficiency syndromes such as scurvy. Used as antimicrobial and antioxidant in foodstuffs.
Summer cows learn
Summer temperatures can be extremely high, posing a significant threat to dairy cow productivity. Therefore, it's essential to implement proper feeding and management strategies during the hot season to ensure the health and performance of the herd.
**Feeding Dairy Cows During Hot and Dry Seasons**
1. Due to drought conditions, pastures may not grow well, leading to insufficient nutrient intake from forage. To compensate, adjust feeding practices by increasing the amount of concentrate feed by about 10% to meet the cows' energy and nutritional needs.
2. Reduce energy feed by 8% and increase protein feed by 5%. High temperatures can reduce appetite, so consider feeding concentrates at cooler times of the day, such as in the evening, to improve consumption and reduce waste.
3. Add sodium bicarbonate (about 50–80 grams per day) to the diet to help balance rumen pH and support digestion.
4. Ensure adequate calcium and phosphorus supplementation—around 50–100 grams daily. If concentrated feeds are being used, their quantity can be slightly reduced.
5. During summer, cows lose more salt through sweating, so provide around 100 grams of salt per day to maintain electrolyte balance.
6. Prepare concentrates just before feeding, ideally 30 minutes in advance, to prevent spoilage and maintain palatability.
7. Provide free access to clean, fresh water at all times to keep cows hydrated.
8. After returning from grazing, supplement with roughage such as hay, corn stalks, or silage that is free from mold. Spraying salt water on green hay can enhance its appeal, while crushing corn stalks improves digestibility.
9. When adding energy-rich feeds to high-yielding cows, do so gradually to avoid digestive issues like diarrhea. A small amount of brown sugar (50–100 grams daily) can help improve appetite and energy levels, especially in hot weather.
**Management of Dairy Cows During Hot and Rainy Seasons**
1. For grazing cows, plan early morning and late afternoon grazing sessions to avoid the hottest parts of the day. Keep groups small to ensure adequate forage intake, especially when pasture quality is low.
2. Regularly brush and wash the cows to keep them clean and comfortable. Wash them outdoors when temperatures are above 20°C, using water around 15°C, and follow a top-to-bottom, front-to-back washing order.
3. Construct shaded areas or pergolas in the barn to improve ventilation and reduce heat stress. Choose elevated, well-ventilated locations that allow for natural cooling.
4. Control pests like flies and mosquitoes using safe, low-toxicity methods. Avoid using raw smoke, which can harm both cows and handlers.
5. Cool the cow bedding with cold water during high temperatures to lower the ambient temperature inside the barn and increase humidity.
6. Allow cows to graze outside whenever possible, unless the weather becomes extreme. There’s no scientific basis for the belief that direct sunlight helps dry cows.
7. Implement regular deworming schedules, preferably three times a year. Use effective anthelmintics like albendazole to maintain good health and prevent parasitic infections.
8. Monitor cows closely for signs of illness, such as changes in behavior, appetite, or milk production. Early detection and treatment are crucial for maintaining herd health.
By adapting feeding and management practices to the challenges of summer, dairy farmers can significantly improve cow comfort, health, and milk production.