Bacterial and fungal perforation diseases cause small holes in the leaves of ornamental stone fruits. Fungal infections, such as cherry leaf spot, primarily affect the foliage and can also infect shoots. The disease typically starts from the lower part of the canopy and gradually spreads upward. In the early stages, small purple-brown spots appear on the leaf tips, resembling tiny needles. As the disease progresses, these spots expand into round or nearly circular lesions, ranging from 3 to 5 mm in diameter. The edges of the lesions are dark purple-brown, while the center turns brown over time. A separation layer forms around the lesion, causing it to dry out and eventually form a hole. In contrast, bacterial perforation begins with water-soaked, round lesions surrounded by a yellow halo. There are no visible spots within the lesion, and the affected area remains wet. When dry, the lesions fall off, leaving behind perforations. This disease not only affects cherry trees but also other stone fruit ornamentals like plum, peach, apricot, and more.

Disease Cycle

The causal bacteria of cherry leaf spot overwinter in infected leaves or shoot tips. In the following spring, spores are dispersed by wind and rain, entering the plant through stomata. The disease usually appears in June and reaches its peak between August and September. Years with heavy rainfall and strong winds tend to see more severe outbreaks, especially when summer droughts weaken tree vitality. Bacterial perforation occurs through branch ulcers and infected shoots. As temperatures rise, the bacteria spread via wind, rain, and insects, entering through stomata or lenticels. The disease typically begins in late April and becomes most severe between June and July.

Control Methods

1. In autumn, collect and burn fallen diseased leaves to reduce the source of infection. 2. Improve cultural practices by applying organic fertilizers, along with adequate phosphorus and potassium. Ensure proper irrigation to prevent both drought and waterlogging, which helps strengthen tree health and resistance. 3. Before and after leaf emergence (especially for young plants), apply a spray of 65% Zineb at 500 times dilution, or 3–5 degrees of lime sulfur solution, or a 1:1:100 to 200 dilution of Bordeaux mixture. 4. After the leaves have fully emerged, apply a zinc sulfate lime solution (500 g zinc sulfate, 2000 g slaked lime, and 120 liters of water) to manage bacterial perforation effectively.

By implementing these integrated management strategies, gardeners and growers can significantly reduce the impact of perforation diseases on their ornamental stone fruit trees. Regular monitoring, timely intervention, and good cultural practices are key to long-term control and maintaining healthy, vibrant landscapes.

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