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Physiological diseases and prevention of mushrooms
Mushrooms are highly sensitive to their environment. An unfavorable growing condition can significantly hinder their normal development, leading to various physiological disorders that ultimately result in lower yield and poor quality. Common mushroom diseases include mycelium overgrowth, hard open umbrellas, thin skin with early cap opening, bud mushrooms, and empty root white mushrooms. Here is a detailed overview of these issues:
**Mycosis**
Symptoms: After the soil covering and water application, the mycelium may grow excessively on the surface of the fine soil, forming a dense, impermeable layer. This can delay fruiting and reduce mushroom production.
Causes: This often occurs when the soil is too wet and water moves too quickly, combined with high temperatures (over 22°C), excessive humidity (over 90%), and poor ventilation.
Prevention: Avoid strong and thick mycelium growth by selecting suitable strains. After soil covering, avoid overwatering. Water during cooler periods—early morning or late evening—and improve air circulation while reducing humidity. If necessary, re-cover the soil and spray more water to encourage fruiting body formation. Gently break up the soil surface before small buds appear to promote better growth.
**Ground Bud Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)**
Symptoms: In the early fruiting stage, the mushroom caps are low and often appear at the material surface or under coarse soil. As they grow, the top soil breaks open.
Causes: This happens when the culture material contains uneven soil, causing mycelium to thicken around the soil and form a base. If conditions are not ideal, the mushroom may grow sideways instead of upward. Long water transfer times, excessive ventilation, or improper watering can also contribute to this issue.
Prevention: Ensure even soil coverage and avoid mixing soil particles into the culture medium. Cover fine soil before small buds form. Maintain balanced watering and ventilation, and control temperature and humidity to support proper mushroom growth.
**Empty Root White Mushroom**
Symptoms: The stem is hollow and filled with loose, white tissue. When dried or cooked, the mushroom shrinks or collapses.
Causes: This is mainly due to improper moisture management. Low humidity in the mushroom house or insufficient moisture in the coarse soil layer can prevent the fruiting body from receiving enough water, leading to dehydration and structural weakness.
Prevention: Ensure sufficient water is applied during soil transfer and during fruiting. Keep the coarse soil consistently moist throughout the growing period. Maintain high humidity (around 90%) and spray regularly, especially during high temperatures, to prevent rapid evaporation.
**Hard Open Umbrella**
Symptoms: The cap separates from the stem prematurely, exposing red pimples.
Causes: Sudden temperature fluctuations (especially below 18°C with a 10°C difference) can cause imbalance in the mushroom’s growth, leading to cracking between the cap and stem.
Prevention: Improve insulation in the mushroom house and avoid ventilation at night. Maintain stable temperature and humidity to ensure balanced growth.
**Thin Skin Early Open Umbrella**
Symptoms: The mushroom cap opens early, and the skin is thin and weak.
Causes: High mushroom density, elevated room temperature, low humidity, dry bed soil, and rapid fruiting body growth can all contribute to this problem.
Prevention: Control mushroom density and ventilate the room during cooler times—morning or evening. Lower the temperature, increase soil moisture, and maintain higher humidity levels to support healthy mushroom development.
By understanding and addressing these common physiological issues, growers can significantly improve mushroom quality and yield. Regular monitoring of environmental conditions and timely adjustments are key to successful cultivation.