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About various characteristics of cobia
Cobia, also known as the "sea bass" or "black drum," is a tropical fish belonging to the family Cobia (Rachycentridae), not the Cichlid family. It is widely found in warm waters across the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, excluding the eastern Pacific. These fish can grow up to 1.5 meters in length and weigh as much as 43 kilograms. Major producers include countries like Pakistan, the Philippines, and Mexico, while China's coastal regions also host cobia, though with lower production levels. Research has shown that cobia is highly suitable for aquaculture due to its fast growth rate—gaining 6–8 kg per year—and its ability to adapt well to artificial feeding. This makes it one of the most promising species for large-scale marine farming, comparable to farmed salmon in Norway.
**Biological Characteristics**
1. **External Morphology**: Cobia has an elongated, cylindrical body with a slightly laterally compressed shape. Its head is flat and wider than tall, with small eyes positioned on the sides. The mouth is large and located at the front, with both upper and lower jaws equipped with tooth bands. The body is covered in small round scales, and the lateral line is slightly wavy. The dorsal side is dark brown, while the ventral side is pale gray. Its fins are black, except for the white edges of the pelvic and caudal fins.
2. **Feeding Habits**: In the wild, smaller cobia primarily feed on crustaceans and cephalopods, which make up about 80% of their diet. As they grow larger than 1 meter, they shift to a more fish-based diet. In captivity, they readily accept artificial pellets, making them ideal for farming.
3. **Temperature Tolerance**: Cobia thrives in warm water, with optimal development for eggs between 24°C and 31°C. Larvae can survive down to 20°C, but feeding decreases significantly below 21°C. At 19°C, they stop eating, and at 16°C, they begin to die. They show strong feeding activity between 22°C and 34°C, but even at 36°C, they may die despite continued feeding.
4. **Salinity Tolerance**: Cobia is a euryhaline species, thriving in salinities between 8‰ and 35‰. However, larger individuals are less tolerant of low salinity, and below 8‰, they stop feeding. For commercial farming, maintaining a salinity of at least 10‰ is recommended.
5. **Oxygen Consumption**: Young cobia fry (around 0.5 g) consume about 1.08 mg of oxygen per gram per hour at 30°C, with lethal oxygen levels at 1.7 mg/L. At 28°C, consumption drops to 0.86 mg/g/h, with a lethal level of 1.5 mg/L. Oxygen demand increases with higher temperatures and larger body size.
6. **Reproductive Behavior**
(1) **Sexual Characteristics**: During spawning season, females develop distinct black and white stripes on their backs and have a swollen belly, while males show less pronounced or no stripes and a smaller abdomen. Though color changes can be used as an indicator, body shape should also be considered. In captivity, sexual maturity varies by region—e.g., in Zhanjiang, males mature at around 7 kg and females at 8 kg. A female weighing 1 kg can produce about 160,000 eggs.
(2) **Spawning Season**: In the wild, cobia spawn from April to October in the northern Gulf of Mexico. In southern Taiwan, the peak occurs from late February to May, with sporadic spawning until October. Optimal spawning temperatures range from 24°C to 29°C.