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The common agricultural pump failures
The small agricultural water pump is a crucial device used for irrigation and drainage in rural areas, especially during spring and summer planting seasons. However, during operation, it is inevitable for the pump to experience failures or damage, which can prevent it from functioning properly. Therefore, it is essential to promptly repair and adjust any faulty pumps to restore their normal performance.
One common issue is the pump failing to start. First, check the power supply: ensure that all connectors are securely fastened, switches are making proper contact, and fuses are intact. Also, verify that the three-phase power supply is balanced. If there is a broken circuit, poor contact, blown fuse, or missing phase, these issues should be identified and fixed as soon as possible. Next, inspect the pump itself for mechanical problems. Common causes include overly tight packing, debris jamming the impeller against the pump casing, rusted shafts, bearings, or leakage reduction rings, or a bent pump shaft. To resolve these, loosen the packing, clear any blockages, disassemble and clean the pump, remove rust, straighten or replace the shaft, as needed.
Overheating of the motor supporting the pump can occur due to several reasons. First, electrical supply issues such as high or low voltage, unbalanced three-phase voltage (exceeding 5% imbalance), or phase loss can lead to overheating. It's also important to note that over 85% of motor failures in agriculture are caused by phase loss, so proper phase protection devices must be installed. Second, improper use of the motor—such as mismatched power, excessive starting frequency, or operating beyond its rated time—can cause overheating. Third, internal motor problems like incorrect wiring (e.g., connecting a delta configuration as a star), short circuits in the windings, damaged rotor bars, or poor ventilation can result in serious overheating. Finally, environmental factors such as high ambient temperatures, moisture, or dirt on the windings can reduce insulation and cause overheating. Regular maintenance, including cleaning, drying, and improving ventilation, is essential.
A special reminder: if the pump failure is related to electrical components, only a qualified electrician with proper certification should perform repairs. Untrained individuals should not attempt to fix electrical issues to avoid potential safety hazards.
Another issue is the pump overheating. This may be caused by damaged bearings, improper clearance between bearings and brackets, a bent pump shaft, overly tight belts, poor lubrication, or blocked balance holes in the impeller. Solutions include replacing bearings, adjusting clearance, aligning the shaft, loosening the belt, adding clean grease, and clearing blockages.
Low flow can be attributed to mismatched power speed, belt slippage, incorrect blade angle, insufficient head, long or improperly bent pipelines, high suction lift, partial blockages in the inlet valve, impeller, or outlet pipe, or leaks in the system. Remedies include restoring the correct speed, adjusting the belt tension, repositioning the pump, shortening or rerouting the pipeline, sealing leaks, cleaning blockages, and replacing damaged parts.
Failure to draw water can occur due to air in the pump or inlet line, an improperly closed bottom valve, severe leakage in the vacuum pump packing, or open gate valves. To fix this, prime the pump by filling it with water, check the check valve for tightness, and look for air leaks in the piping. Apply sealant or tighten connections as necessary. Replace worn seals, and address leaks by using cement, asphalt mixtures, or tightening nuts. In severe cases, disassemble and replace damaged pipes.
Severe vibration is often caused by an unbalanced rotor, poor coupling alignment, worn or bent bearings, loose or broken rotating parts, or misalignment. These issues can be resolved through adjustment, repair, reinforcement, straightening, or replacement of damaged components.
Regular maintenance, proper installation, and timely troubleshooting are key to ensuring the efficient and safe operation of agricultural water pumps. Always follow manufacturer guidelines and seek professional help when needed.