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Winter fish species notes
From the winter solstice to the Spring Festival, fish farming conditions are at their best. During this period, water quality remains stable, fish bodies are strong, and disease occurrence is relatively low. The fish scales are tight, and their adaptability is high, making it an ideal time for stocking. With lower water temperatures, fish activity is reduced, which makes handling and transportation easier, leading to higher survival rates. This also helps avoid overwintering challenges in ponds, allowing for earlier evacuation and intensive cultivation. Early stocking promotes faster growth, better adaptation, and early feeding, giving fish a head start in the new season. However, due to the cold temperature, careful attention must be paid during the stocking process.
Fish pond transformation should begin as early as possible, especially when excavating or renovating ponds. Ideally, ponds should be at least 2 mu in size with a depth of 2 meters or more. The bottom should have good water retention, no leaks, and access to a clean, pollution-free water source. The location should be sheltered from wind and receive ample sunlight. For old ponds, follow the principle of “small to large, shallow to deep, dead to living, and leaky to protected.†Each year, remove silt from the pond bottom, keeping it between 10 cm and 15 cm. After silt removal, allow the pond to dry for a few days. For well-maintained ponds, trimming and draining the water can help improve conditions. After sun exposure or freezing, remove thick silt, weeds, and reinforce the pond structure.
Before stocking, it's essential to disinfect the pond thoroughly. Pathogens are common in fishing ponds, so cleaning and sterilization are crucial. On clear days, perform pond clearing. One method is dry disinfection: use 75–100 kg of quicklime or 3–4 kg of bleaching powder per acre, dissolve in water, and evenly sprinkle across the pond. Let it sit for a few days, then stir thoroughly for full coverage. Another method involves watering the pond: apply 130–150 kg of lime or 10–12 kg of bleaching powder per mu of water depth. Be sure to sprinkle along the edges, where many people tend to overlook.
Before applying base fertilizer to newly excavated or thin-water ponds, assess sediment quality and pond conditions. After 5 days of disinfection, fill the pond completely and apply 400–600 kg of manure per acre directly onto the pond bottom. As spring approaches, early feeding of fingerlings is important. Use fertilizers or biological products to enhance water quality and promote natural food growth.
When stocking fish during winter, four key points should be considered. First, choose the right timing. Stocking can be done in two stages—initial and supplementary—and should be flexible based on fish and pond conditions. Typically, the period around the winter solstice and Spring Festival is ideal, as water temperatures are low, fish scales are tight, and handling is easier, increasing survival rates. Second, determine reasonable stocking density based on market demand and water resources. In fertile ponds, grass carp and silver carp are preferred, while herbivorous species like tilapia and breams are suitable for other environments. Third, ensure fish quality: select healthy, lively fish with intact scales and no injuries. Fish should be over 13 cm in length. Finally, perform strict disinfection using 3%–5% bleaching powder or 8 mg/L copper sulfate for 10–15 minutes. Larger fish may also require vaccinations to prevent diseases.
Feeding should begin early in winter or spring as water temperatures rise and fish activity increases. Provide balanced compound feed with 1%–2% of the total fish weight. Feed at fixed locations to encourage regular eating habits. Adjust feeding frequency based on weather, water quality, and fish behavior. Proper feeding improves fish health and prepares them for winter.
During winter and spring, pond management should focus on the "four preventions." First, protect against water level fluctuations. Maintain appropriate water levels to warm the pond during fine weather and deepen it during cold spells for insulation. Second, avoid overfeeding. Feed according to need, and supplement with soybean or rapeseed cakes to boost cold resistance. Third, prevent disease by maintaining hygiene and using preventive treatments such as lime sulfate or copper sulfate solutions every half month. If disease occurs, consult professionals for accurate diagnosis. Common issues like fungal infections can be treated with saltwater baths or antifungal solutions. Fourth, monitor water quality and promptly remove sick or dead fish to prevent disease spread. Keep the area around the pond quiet to reduce stress on the fish.
Overall, careful planning, timely actions, and consistent monitoring are essential for successful fish farming during the winter and spring seasons.