The growth and development and flowering of fruit trees require the absorption of large amounts of mineral elements. In addition to some of these mineral elements come from the nutrients contained in the soil itself, it also requires artificial fertilization to supplement it. Therefore, in the cultivation and management of fruit trees, rational fertilization is an important measure to ensure the quality and stable production of fruit trees. However, some orchards have encountered some problems and deviations in the fertilization process, which has not only affected the exertion of fertilizer effects, but has even had some negative effects (such as fertilizer damage, etc.), which should arouse the attention of the majority of producers and correct them.
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1, do not pay attention to the application of organic fertilizers
Before the 1970s, organic fertilizers were commonly used in rural China. Because the content of some elements (such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, etc.) in organic fertilizers cannot fully meet the needs of crops, the yield level is low. In order to increase the crop yield, it is necessary to increase the amount of fertilizer applied. According to statistics, at present nitrogen supplied by organic fertilizers only accounts for 30% of the nitrogen requirement of crops, and about 70% depends on the supply of chemical fertilizers. Other fertilizer elements such as phosphorus and potassium also show similar conditions. The effect of fertilizer production is very obvious. . For this reason, some growers began to ignore the use of organic fertilizers, and their application rates decreased year by year. Even individual orchards no longer use organic fertilizers. They rely solely on chemical fertilizers to maintain their yields, resulting in the consolidation of orchard soil and a decline in fruit quality.
The role of organic fertilizers in fruit production is irreplaceable. The first is that the nutrients contained are rich and comprehensive, which is not available in any fertilizer type; the second is to improve the soil; the third is to promote the activity of microorganisms in the soil and accelerate the biological cycle in the soil, which is beneficial to fruit trees. Growth and development; Fourth, organic fertilizers can produce a large amount of organic acids in the decomposition process, which can make some insoluble nutrients into soluble nutrients, thereby increasing the utilization of soil nutrients. Therefore, we must pay attention to the application of organic fertilizers in orchards. The application amount of organic fertilizer is generally required to be applied equally or twice as much as the production of fruit trees.
2, the fertilization area is incorrect
During the growth and development of fruit trees, along with the elongation and expansion of the shoots, the underground root system also grows downward and expands to the surrounding, especially capillary roots with absorbing functions, most of which are rooted at the ends of the main and lateral roots. . As far as the roots of fruit trees are concerned, the deep root system plays the role of fixing the tree and determining growth, while the shallow root system plays a role in determining flower bud formation and fruit quality. Some fruit growers do not understand this characteristic of the roots of fruit trees and mistakenly believe that the roots near the trunk are the main parts for absorbing fertilizer. Therefore, fertilizers are often applied to the near-dry places and even pile up organic fertilizers on the root neck or on the trunk. on.
The correct range of fertilization is the projected edge of the crown of the fruit tree and a little distance away (except for citrus). Even if the whole garden is fertilized, it is better to be outside the range of 1m from the trunk to fully increase the utilization of fertilizer.
At the depth of fertilization, most orchards still dig or dig under the canopy every autumn or spring. Generally, the depth of the ditch reaches 40 to 50 cm. Because most of the roots of the excavated ditch are damaged, it is difficult to recover to the original level in a short time. The base fertilizer applied before April of the second year cannot be absorbed much, but only after the arrival of the rainy season in July to August Absorption is partly due to the fact that most fertilizers are applied too deeply and they are not absorbed by the shallow roots, so they do not contribute much to the formation of flower buds and to the improvement of fruit quality, especially for dwarf fruit trees with shallow root distribution. This is even more so, resulting in low yields and quality times. In addition, it is time-consuming and labour-intensive to use fertilizers.
Therefore, in terms of root distribution and function of fruit trees, regardless of application of base fertilizer, green manure, or topdressing, it should be considered that they can be absorbed and utilized by shallow root systems. In particular, the increase of organic matter content in the 20 cm soil layer should be taken into account. Autumn basal fertilization should be performed by using a shallow gutter-like groove (deep depth of 10-20cm) or shallow planing after spreading. However, in order to promote deep roots and leaves, young fruit trees should not be used shallow.
3, organic fertilizer is used directly without decomposition
Organic fertilizer has a full range of nutrients, but most of the nutrients contained in organic fertilizers are macromolecular organic compounds that require a long period of decomposition and decomposition before they can be absorbed and utilized by fruit trees. In particular, organic fertilizer without decomposition, the decomposition rate is slower, and in the decomposition process will also produce organic acids and more calories, easy to cause burning phenomenon. In addition, raw manure often contains some toxic substances, germs and grass seeds, etc. Therefore, it should not be applied directly. The correct method is to treat the raw manure at high temperatures and piling it up until the manure is fully cooked and the nutrients are initially decomposed before being applied to the orchard. At the same time, high-temperature stacking can also kill grass seeds and germs in fertilizers, reduce toxins, and prevent the occurrence of weeds and diseases.
4, pay attention to the balance between elements when fertilizing
The growth and development of fruit trees need to absorb a variety of nutrients, in addition to a large number of elements, trace elements are also very important, if they are lacking, they are prone to deficiency of the disease. At the same time, various elements still have help or antagonism. For example, after applying N fertilizer to apple, the nitrogen content in the tree increases, while the absorption of Mg also increases; on the contrary, when the N content is low, the absorption of Mg decreases. The nitrogen and potassium, boron, copper, zinc, phosphorus and other elements between the antagonistic effect, such as excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, without the corresponding application of the above elements, the tree of potassium, boron, copper, zinc, phosphorus and other elemental content will be reduced accordingly . Conversely, applying a small amount of nitrogenous fertilizer to apples increases the amount of potassium in the leaves, and the less the nitrogen content in the soil, the more potassium is absorbed and even lead to deficiency of potassium due to excess potassium. Excessive application of phosphate fertilizer, if not corresponding increase in potassium, magnesium fertilizer, inhibit the absorption of potassium, magnesium, potassium, magnesium deficiency. Too much potassium will reduce the absorption of calcium and magnesium. Conversely, low-level potassium fertilizer can increase the content of calcium and magnesium in the tree. Calcium deficiency is not conducive to the absorption of ammonia ions, too much, the soil was alkaline, so that iron, manganese, zinc, boron, etc. become insoluble, leading to the occurrence of deficiency syndrome. However, in the actual production, some growers do not pay attention to or understand the balance of fertilizers. Nitrogen and phosphorus are the main fertilizers in fertilizer application, and other elements are used less, resulting in the occurrence of deficiency syndromes, low yield, and declining quality. To change this situation, it is necessary to understand the soil types, the abundance of nutrients in the soil, and the demand for different nutrients for fruit trees. It is advisable to conduct fertilization tests and formula fertilization in order to avoid the occurrence of fruit tree deficiency syndromes.
5, improper fertilization method
The absorption of fertilizers by fruit tree roots includes active and passive absorption. Active absorption is accomplished by self-power, while passive absorption is achieved by osmotic pressure, ie, from high concentration to low concentration. Therefore, maintaining the appropriate concentration of fertilizer in the rhizosphere is conducive to the absorption of fertilizers, but if the concentration is too high, it will cause burning. Some growers often apply fertilizers (including organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers) to the ditch when fertilizing. This is wrong. The correct method is to mix organic fertilizer and soil and apply it to the ditch. Apply chemical fertilizers, preferably after diluting and then watering, or watering immediately after applying, so as to avoid causing local concentration to be excessive and burning roots.
6, the problem of leaf spraying
Foliar spray can be directly absorbed by the leaves, which is an efficient and rapid method of fertilization. Therefore, it has been widely used by many farmers. However, some fruit growers have some inadequacies in the foliar spray: First, improper selection of fertilizer types, such as spraying with ammonium bicarbonate, resulting in burning of leaves; second, inaccurate spray sites; third, the concentration is not accurate , or high or low. The correct method: First, according to fruit tree needs to select the type of spray fertilizer, in nitrogen fertilizer with urea is the most widely used and the effect is better. Pears and persimmons absorbed more phosphorus, followed by grapes. Citrus and peach absorbed less phosphorus. The second is to determine the optimum spray site. The mobility of different nutrient elements in the tree is different, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are easily mobile elements, followed by sulfur and chlorine. Iron, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, and copper, which hardly move, hardly move, are boron, magnesium, and calcium. Therefore, the spraying site should be different, especially the trace elements in the tree body fluidity is poor, it is best to spray directly on the desired organ. In addition, the leaf back absorbs more quickly than the leaf surface, and the spraying of fertilizer should focus on spraying the leaf back. The third is to determine a reasonable spray fertilizer concentration. Different concentrations must be used depending on the growth period and climatic conditions and species. The concentration of young leaves should be low and mature leaves should be high; areas and seasons with more rainfall can be higher, and vice versa. In fruit trees, higher concentrations of urea can be used for peaches, pears, and strawberries, and plum, cherry, grape, and other berry fruit trees should be reduced accordingly. In addition, the amount of spraying should be sufficient to moisten the leaves and drip without drip. At the same time, the concentration of foliar spray fertilizer is generally lower and the amount of fertilizer is less. In order to increase the effect of spray fertilizer, it is better to spray continuously for 2 to 3 times or more. Interval 10 to 15 days.
Misunderstanding in Fruit Fertilization and Its Correction