At present, livestock and poultry vaccines that can be used in actual production include inactivated vaccines (killed vaccines), attenuated vaccines (live vaccines), and genetically engineered vaccines. In order to use the vaccine well, farmers must pay attention to the following issues when selecting, transporting, storing, and using the vaccine.

selected

1. Select research and production units. The purchased vaccine should be a product developed by a veterinary scientific research unit, produced by a regular company, and has a regular production batch number. It is best to have a vaccine that has been proven to have very good immunity.

2. Choose a business. Choose a local good reputation, strong economic strength, and a vaccine for qualified business operators.

3. Look at the appearance and bottle sign. At the time of purchase must be checked face to face, where no bottle, bottles have cracks, loose corks, no detailed instructions, bottle vaccine traits and description does not match, expired or date of production is obscure, no manufacturer, site, contact All telephones are unqualified products.

4. Select vaccine varieties. Attenuated virus vaccine is a kind of live vaccine commonly used at present, which can induce both humoral and cellular immune responses. Mainly have the following advantages: First, the inoculation dose is small; Second, the long-lasting immunity, the need for a short time to produce immunity, generally 3 to 7 days can generate immunity, and can promote the body's cellular immune response; Third, some vaccines have emergency prevention Efficacy, such as live piglet vaccine, live porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome, etc.; Fourth, low prices. Disadvantages of live shoots: First, the possibility of contaminating other pathogens; Second, virulent strains may cause adverse reactions; Third, must be stored and transported at low temperatures.

Inactivated vaccines mainly elicit humoral immunity and are not infectious because they lose their activity, but they remain immunogenic. Its advantages: First, there is no danger of scattered poisons and new sources of infection, it is safe; Second, virulence can not be strong; Third, it is easy to transport and storage; Fourth, it is easy to make joint seedlings. Disadvantages: First, the antigen component is damaged, the immunization period is short, and the immune pathway is simple; second, no local immunity is generated; third, the amount is large; and fourth, the injecting site of some inactivated vaccines has a severe reaction, and it takes a long time to obtain immunity, and generally requires 2 to 3 weeks, therefore, cannot be used for emergency vaccination.

Genetic engineering seedlings have the advantages of strong pertinence, strong immunity, high safety, less stress, difficulty in returning to their ancestors, and differentiation between active immunity and natural infection. The disadvantage is that the price is more expensive and requires multiple immunizations.

When farmers choose vaccines, they should be used in combination, which is safe and long-lasting.

5. Select different vaccines based on the epidemic situation and season of the local epidemic. The type of vaccine selected should be one that is more prevalent in the local area or has occurred and is threatened. For the local livestock and poultry epidemic vaccine that has never happened in recent years, there is no need to inoculate. At the same time, different vaccines should be selected according to the season. Such as autumn and winter broilers should be inoculated chicken pox vaccine, spring and summer do not need.

Transportation

After the vaccine is purchased, it must be properly packaged to prevent breakage. Avoid high temperatures and direct sunlight during transit. Ship at low temperatures. If the outside temperature does not exceed 8°C, the vaccine can be routinely transported. When it exceeds 8°C, it needs to be transported by refrigeration. When transporting a large quantity of goods, a refrigerated truck is usually used, and a small amount of the refrigerated cart is transported when it is placed in a warmer box, a thermal lunch box filled with ice cubes, or a wide-mouth thermos bottle containing ice cubes. However, inactivated seedlings should be prevented from freezing during the cold season.

Save

The purchased vaccine should be used promptly to avoid long-term storage. If it cannot be used in time, it can be properly stored according to the label instructions. Generally, the use time is less than 2 days, and it can be stored in a dark, dry environment with a temperature of 2°C to 15°C, such as a cellar or a refrigerator freezer. When the amount is small, it can also be stored in an insulated lunch box containing ice cubes. To be stored for a long time, the attenuated virus vaccine is stored in the refrigerator freezer, frozen and stored at a suitable temperature of 0 °C ~ 20 °C, especially suitable for storage below -15 °C, inactivated vaccine stored in the refrigerator freezer, suitable temperature is 2 °C ~8°C. Special attention should be paid to freeze-dried seedlings. Avoid freezing and rehydration. Inactivated vaccines cannot be frozen. Otherwise, vaccines will be inactivated or the potency will be reduced.

use

1. Carefully check the vaccine and livestock before inoculation. Prior to inoculation, carefully check the appearance of the bottle used for the vaccine, the appearance of the bottle, and the color of the vaccine in the bottle. The instructions (including name, batch number, usage, dosage, and expiration date) on the bottle must be clearly stated; bottles and stoppers should be free of cracks; the bottle should have normal color shade, no foreign matter, and no mold growth. Otherwise you must not use it. Disable expired or not stored vaccines as required. Vaccination of livestock and poultry must be healthy, frail, disease, livestock and poultry in the incubation period, must wait for the body to return to normal after inoculation. Late-pregnant livestock and poultry should be used with caution or without responding to stronger vaccines. Antibiotics and sulfa drugs were banned 7 days before and after the inoculated livestock and poultry, because these drugs had a killing effect on live bacterial vaccines and also had a certain degree of influence on viral vaccines.

2. Strict disinfection. Equipment needed for vaccination, such as syringes, needles, and droppers, should be disinfected beforehand. Without dilution of the vaccine, remove the sealing wax from the stopper and disinfect the stopper with an alcohol swab. Need to inoculate the vaccination, fixed a sterile needle on the stopper for drawing liquid, do not pull out after aspiration, wrapped with alcohol cotton, in order to suck again. Injecting used needles into livestock and poultry cannot absorb fluids to avoid contaminating the vaccine.

3. Not vaccinated at high temperatures. If you can choose to do it in the morning or late afternoon during the hot season, avoid high-temperature vaccination at noon.

4. Diluted the vaccine correctly. Dilutions can be used after the vaccine, the selected diluent should be sterilized, free from impurities. Since the pH of the diluent affects the vitality and potency of the vaccine, the diluent must be selected. The best choice is to use a vaccine-specific diluent. Because the main components are buffers and immunologically active substances, the stability of the vaccine can be enhanced and effective. Improve the immune effect of livestock and poultry live vaccines. The vaccine can also be diluted with normal saline or pure cold water, but it cannot be diluted with tap water or hot water containing chlorine. Before aspirate and dilute the vaccine, it must be fully shaken and mixed well.

5. The correct inoculation method must be used. Inoculation of the vaccine is mainly injection, nasal drops, eye drops, drinking water, oral, aerosol and other methods.

Injection immunization method has the advantages of accurate dose, reliable effect and rapid action. It is commonly used in the immunization of various oil emulsion vaccines, and the method of use is muscle or subcutaneous injection. For example, swine fever vaccines, chicken gizzards, and other vaccines can all be immunized using injection methods.

The intranasal or eye-throwing immunization method is mainly used for vaccination of poultry, and the vaccine is passed into the poultry through the respiratory mucosa or conjunctiva. Newcastle Disease Viruses II and IV, infectious bronchitis and infectious laryngotracheitis attenuated vaccines are all suitable for this method of immunization. When used, the freeze-dried shoots were first diluted with sterile physiological saline or cold boiled water. After shaking, two drops were injected into the nostril or eyelid of the bird. If through the nasal drip, the other side of the nostrils should be blocked and manually controlled to allow it to inhale completely through the side of the nostrils. Through the eye drops, it is necessary to drip from the lower corner of the poultry, and then fully instill the next one, not to fast, drop it and let go.

Water immunization saves time and is easy. Suitable for large-scale intensive farms. Avoid using metal containers, drink the sink should be often disinfected, can not use tap water or other raw water, it is best to use deep well water or "cold white open", livestock and poultry before drinking water for 4 to 6 hours. Drinking water immunization time can be properly adjusted according to the temperature level, to ensure that all livestock and poultry can fully drink water and drink within 2 hours.

Aerosol immunization method is suitable for group immunization, especially for some vaccines that have affinity for the respiratory tract, such as Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis and other immune effects. In use, the poultry are placed in a closed room, and the diluted vaccine is sprayed with a special aerosolizer to form fine droplets that are diffused in the air to allow the poultry to inhale into the lungs for immunity. Its features are simple operation, saving time and effort.

The specific method of inoculation should be determined according to the test results of finished products, that is, the same vaccine, different production batches, and methods of use are not necessarily the same. Improper inoculation may lead to serious consequences. For example, piglet paratyphoid live shoots should be determined according to the viable bacteria rate after thawing. When the viable cell rate is more than 50%, two methods of oral administration and injection can be used. When the viable cell rate is less than 50%, oral administration is possible. If the injection occurs, light vomiting, sputum, shock, or even death inoculation may occur. If oral vaccination should be given to the vaccine, it is very likely to lead to immune failure.

6. Kaifeng is used as soon as it is diluted. Before the vaccine is used, it should be warmed up to room temperature, and shake well after it is opened or diluted. Inactivated vaccines should preferably be used within 12 hours of opening, up to a maximum of 24 hours. Live vaccine should be placed in a cool and dark place after dilution. It should be used within 2 hours, preferably no more than 4 hours.

7. The remaining vaccine should be heated and discarded. Unused vaccines should be discarded after heat treatment, otherwise they will cause environmental pollution. The unused vaccine in the inhalation syringe should also be injected into a special empty bottle, discarded after heat treatment. The used equipment should also be strictly disinfected and must not be discarded at will, otherwise it will contaminate the site and livestock houses.

8. The new vaccine is first tested in small groups and then fully inoculated. For the types of vaccines that have never been used, a small group trial should be conducted before the large-area vaccination, and the small groups should be vaccinated for 7 to 10 days. When no abnormal reactions are observed, comprehensive vaccination is performed to avoid accidents. huge loss.

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