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First, the kidney beans, also known as jade beans, green beans, bean sprouts, etc., originating in Central and South America, is an annual legume, fertility temperature of 10-30 °C, mainly in the spring and autumn cultivation.
(1) There are two types of kidney bean varieties, the most commonly cultivated species in Guangzhou are creeping species, which are mainly the following:
1) 12th bean: creeping, medium branching force, corolla white, main vine about 7-11 flowering, inflorescence open 6-9 flowers, pods 2-5, long 18 cm, light green Medium-maturing varieties, sowing until spring harvest 75 days sowing, autumn sowing 55 days or so, sustainable harvest 25-30 days, cold-resistant, strong rust resistance, turning flowers strong, good quality, suitable for spring and autumn two seasons cultivation .
2) Double sapphire beans: creeping, strong branching force, main vines beginning 8-9 inflorescence, corolla white, lice length 18.7cm, light green, early and mid-maturing varieties, sowing to early harvest spring sowing for 70 days, Autumn sowing 50 days, 25-30 days of continuous harvest, more cold-resistant, rust resistance in general, good quality, suitable for spring and autumn two cultivation.
3) No. 35 jade beans: creeping, branching force is general, the main vine about 4-6 starts with the inflorescences, corolla white, no ã„èš© ? — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 5 20 - 16cm, green; early maturity, spring planting sowing to early harvest 70 days, autumn sowing about 55-60 days, sustainable harvest 25-35 days, more cold-resistant, moisture-resistant, excellent quality, suitable for spring and autumn two seasons.
(II) Main cultivation techniques
1. Site preparation and timely sowing of beans to adapt to a wide range of soil, but avoid acidic soil, soil PH value of 6.2-7 is appropriate, should choose fertile, well-drained, two years had not been planted leguminous loam or sandy loam soil . Spring sowing in January-February sowing, from the ditch sorghum to facilitate drainage, the width of 5 feet package ditch, double line planting, plant spacing 4 inches. Autumn planting is preferred from September to October. Due to sufficient sunshine, the planting density can be appropriately increased.
2, field management
(1) Seedling management: Early planting due to spring planting, early threatened by low temperature and wet and cold weather, resulting in bad seed or dead seedlings, should take cold measures to ensure the whole seedlings, you can choose the cold-resistant varieties Such as the 12th Yudong; can use nutrient cup nursery, the first real time leaves with soil transplants before the start, can also be covered with film after sowing, out of Qimiao covered with a small arch. Qiuzhi Yudou Because the weather is still hot at the time of sowing, heat prevention work should be done. After sowing, sufficient water should be sprayed in time. Black veil can be used to cover the surface of the pods. The pods can also be used for leafy vegetables to reduce the heat. Weather affects seedlings. Spring vegetable beans due to the early low temperature, rain, apply base fertilizer, generally Mushi 1000-1500 kg of soil miscellaneous fertilizer and 60 kg of compound fertilizer. Because the bean sprouts in the seedling stage began to flower bud differentiation, 25 to 30 days after sowing should be promptly topdressing, in order to promote plant growth, generally mu compound fertilizer 30 kg + urea 5 kg. Frame the front view growth situation top-up 1-2 times fertilizer. The growth period of autumn bean is short, and the flowering and poding period is relatively concentrated. The amount of fertilizer required is large. In addition to applying base fertilizer, early stage fertilization is used to promote growth. After the first true leaf is spread, fertilizer is applied with manure, and then every other time. Fertilize once in 5-7 days and gradually increase fertilizer concentration.
(2) Management of flowering and fruiting stage: After flowering and scabbing, the nutrient consumption of the plant is large, and the topdressing is to be aggravated. A large number of root nodules are formed at the time of planting, and the nitrogen fixing ability is strong. Therefore, less nitrogen fertilizer should be applied, and 30 kg of compound fertilizer should be used. Calcium Phosphate 10 kg + Potassium chloride 5 kg, drenched once a week. In the harvest harvest time once again, you can also apply 2% of superphosphate or 0.5% urea as foliar fertilizer spraying foliar, can reduce the falling flowers. In the late harvest period, if the plant does not have premature senescence and the climatic conditions are still suitable for its fertility, it may be appropriate to top-dress one or two additional times to promote flower turning, extend the harvest period, and increase yield.
(3) Timely harvesting of tender pods: During the period of flowering and blooming, the inflorescences of the beans have fallen, and the lower inflorescences have fallen. The inflorescences in the middle and upper parts have also successively bloomed. This requires the consumption of large amounts of nutrients. If the plants are over-burdened, they may easily be caused by malnutrition. Therefore, in addition to aggravating fertilization at the flowering stage, it is also necessary to timely harvest the tender pods to reduce the nutritional burden of the plants.
(III) Pest Control
1. Diseases: Diseases of kidney bean mainly include rust, anthrax and so on.
Rust prevention and control methods: 25% encyclopedia of 1500 times EC, 1,000 times Cherning EC, 50% colloidal sulphur 100-150 times, the beginning of the onset of spraying, spraying once every 10 days or so, 2-3 times in a row.
Anthracnose control methods: carbendazim powder 500 times, chlorothalonil powder 500 times, 2% anti-120 water agent 200 times and 50% mancozeb 500-600 times, the beginning of the onset of spraying, every 7- 10 times a day, 3-4 times in a row.
2. Insect pests: Insect pests of kidney beans are mainly crickets, legumes, and L. sativae.
The control methods for fleas: 800 times for Kezite and 1500 times for 5% Nissoline EC. Immediately when the mussels were found, they were sprayed, sprayed once every 10 days, and sprayed continuously for 3 times.
The prevention and control method of soybean meal: Compound vermicillin powder 500 times, BT emulsion 300 times, Suppository EC 1500 times, spraying from the beginning of flowering stage, spraying buds every 5-7 days, flowering once, 8-10am in the morning Spraying.
Liriomyza sativae: 40% Qishenbao EC 600-800 times, 18% insecticide bi-water agent 400 times, 98% Dan soluble powder 2000 times, 50% phoxim EC 1000 times, generally peak 5-7 Apply once a day, three times in a row.
Second, kidney bean also known as beans, beans, native subtropical areas, strong heat resistance and intolerance of low temperature, the suitable temperature for plant growth is 15 - 30 °C, can be planted from March to August can be planted, is spring, summer and autumn One of the important vegetables, has an important role in the annual supply of vegetables, especially in the off-season supply from July to September.
(a) Variety
1, green beans: green bean pods, meat firm, crisp, long 40-60 cm. Early-maturing varieties include wireline blue, Xinqing, and Shanjiao 101. Latecomer varieties include Qiweiqing and Hong Kong Blue.
2, white beans: blue and white, sweet, meat is not as good as green beans, crisp, 25-70 cm long. The main varieties are Jinshan white beans, Xiabao white beans, Chunyan white jade, snake beans, pig intestines and other varieties.
(II) Main cultivation techniques
1. Soil preparation for planting and reasonable close planting: If cowpea is afraid of earthworms, it should be selected as a land with high drainage and well-drained. It should be planted in the neutral loam soil or sandy loam soil that has not been planted in years before. In the highlands, the earth should be sunburned. It is advisable to deepen one foot. The seeding method and planting density of cowpea should be flexibly controlled according to different seasons and different varieties. Kidney beans generally use live broadcasting methods, but the spring sowing of the beans after the live air temperature is low, germination is slow, easy to rotten species in the low temperature and rainy weather, poor seedlings, if the conditions can be used nursery transplant method, about 8-10 days after sowing,?? When the first leaves of cowpea seedlings are unfolded, they must be planted in time, or they can be covered with mulch after sowing to increase the temperature. Reasonable dense planting is one of the important factors for the high yield of cowpea. The green cowpea leaves are generally finer, with fewer branches, and the seeds can be denser; the white kidney beans have larger leaves and more branches; the sowing should be more sparse; the Guangzhou area generally adopts a 5 foot wide ditch, double rows of plants, and each hole Two grains, spring plant spacing 6-7 inches; summer and autumn plant spacing 3-5 inches. Or use a single line of planting, cooking vegetables, cabbage, and other vegetables.
2, a reasonable fertilization, prevention of leggy seedlings, late control of premature aging. The application of basal fertilizer, especially phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, has a good effect on the growth of cowpea. General Mushi organic fertilizer 1000-1500 kg, compound fertilizer 50 kg. Before the flowering and scabbing of cowpea, the requirement of fertilizer is not much. In the early stage, the fertilizer and water should be properly controlled to inhibit the vegetative growth of the plants; if the seedlings do grow too weak, urea or manure water can be thinly applied 1-2 times. The cowpea flowering and poding stage consumes a lot of nutrients, and has higher requirements for fertilizer and water. It should be filled with water and heavy fertilizer should be applied in time. The compound fertilizer 30 kg per mu, superphosphate 10 kg, potassium chloride 5 kg, and soybean meal growth can be used. After the prosperous period, if more fertilizer is needed, one more phosphate fertilizer should be applied and Mg 10 kg of superphosphate should be applied, or superphosphate should be added to the barrel for one night and the supernatant be used for extra-root fertilizer application. , reduce the number of falling flowers. After the flood season, if the plants can continue to grow, fertilizer and water management should be strengthened to promote lateral branch germination, promote flower turning, and flower buds on inflorescences that have been harvested continue to bloom and scab, extend the harvest period, and increase cowpea production.
3, timely bamboo, cited vine, pruning. When the seedlings begin to pull vines (the height of the plant is about 1 ft. or so), the vines should be often introduced after the scaffolding and scaffolding. The vines are usually taken after 10 hours in the sunny morning. The bean vines are wound counterclockwise around the bamboo vines. The lateral branches of the main vines below the first inflorescence should be removed. When the plants grow too prosperous, the ventilation and light transmission will be affected, and the old leaves and diseased leaves of the base shall be properly removed to reduce the occurrence of diseases.
(3) Diseases and Insect Pests Diseases of Kidney Bean are mainly rust, sclerotia, wilt, and coal fungal disease. Insect pests are mainly soybean pods, cockroaches and Liriomyza sativae.
1. Disease Prevention and Control: Rust (See Prevention of Rapeseed Rust)
Sclerotinia: 50% Sclerotinia 400 times soluble powder, 50% Park Hydrin WP 1000-1500 times, 50% Sikrodine WP 1500-2000 times, early onset of spraying, 10-15 days 1 Times, 3-4 times in a row.
Fusarium wilt: carbendazim 300 times, chlorothalonil 500 times, thiophanate-methyl 1000 times.
Coal-mildew disease: 400 times the disease Weiwei, 1000 times thiophanate, 500 times chlorothalonil, carbendazim and other agents 300 times, at the beginning of the disease, spray, 7-10 days once, continuous 3-4 times.
2. Insect pest control: the same as the control method of kidney beans.
3. Pea peas, also known as Dutch beans, are native to the Mediterranean coast. They are annual crops and are cultivated in the Guangzhou region for two years. Peas like cold weather, and the optimum temperature for breeding is 9-23°C.
(a) The growth habits of pea varieties can be classified into three categories: dwarfism, semi-fragrans and creeping; and according to uses, they can be divided into tender pods, grain types, and leaf types. The main cultivars in Guangzhou area are as follows:
1. Food and vegetables pea No.1: imported from Sichuan, type of tender oysters, flower white, solitary or twin, pod length 12-16 cm, width 3-4 cm, light green, weight 13 grams per pod, crispy pods Less fiber and good quality. Sowing until the early harvest 70 days, continuous harvest 60 days, susceptible to powdery mildew.
2. Taichung No. 11: Introduced from Taiwan, the type of tender stems, flowers are pale purple, twins or solitary, 9.5 cm long, 1.6 cm wide, and 2.5 grams per pod. The pods are crispy, with few fibers and good quality. Seeding to early harvest 70-80 days, continued harvest 70-80 days, weak resistance to powdery mildew.
3, safflower peas: also known as wheat beans, beans for vegetables. Flowers purplish red, single flower or double flowers, pod length 6.3cm, width 1.3cm, fresh seeds thousand grain weight 233 grams, containing more starch, medium quality. First 85 days from sowing to yield, harvest continued about 15 days.
4, pea sprouts: also known as asparagus, imported from the United States, is a leaf type, strong branches, about 25 days or so ?? species can be harvested young shoots, leaves generous young shoots, dark green, less fiber, Excellent quality.
(II) Main cultivation techniques
1, site preparation: peas bogey and other legume crops, but also avoid acidic soil. ? Light Jue benzene? Liao Lang Fu? Huh pregnant right and fully bleached, general Qikuan 5-foot package pit.
2, timely sowing: peas more cold and not heat, Guangzhou in general in mid-September can be sown in late November, and late October to early November more appropriate, in recent years, the development of anti-season vegetable production in mountainous areas, will be planted Early to July-August. Generally double line planting, plant spacing 2 inches.
3, fertilizer and water management: Pea developed root system, more root nodules, less nitrogen is needed, sowing 100 mu of soil mixed fertilizer per acre, 25 kg of superphosphate mixed base fertilizer. To control the application of nitrogen fertilizer in the early stage of growth, if the growth of seedlings is too weak, one or two thin fertilizers may be applied to promote growth. A large amount of fertilizer is required for the flowering, fruiting and flourishing period, and nitrogen fertilizer should be properly added. 50 kg of compound fertilizer and 5 kg of urea should be used to promote the plant to increase the number of flowers and increase the rate of scarring. Fertilizer is sprayed once a week.
Peas are more drought-tolerant and taboo. In terms of water management, drainage work is mainly done, especially during the spring rainy season, drainage should be done to prevent lodging.
(III) Pest Control
1. Diseases: The disease of peas is mainly powdery mildew, and it begins to bloom at the late stage of growth and growth. Control measures:
A: Seed dressing with trimethyl thiophene or carbendazim per kilogram of seeds;
B: 50% colloidal sulphur 100-150 times, 70% ?? Thiobutancin 1500 times spraying leaves, when the plants open the first flower or found a small number of lesions on the plants, it is necessary to control the application of pesticides.
2. Insect pests: The main pests of peas are pea leafminer, bean rod fly, and spotted leafminer. Control agents: 40% of Bataan soluble powder 2000 times, 50% of phoxim EC 1000 times, generally occur once every 5-7 days, once in a row, 3 times in a row.
Legume vegetable cultivation techniques
Legume vegetables refer to the annual or biennial herbaceous plants of the leguminous family and mainly refer to legume beans, cowpea, peas, edamame, broad beans, lentils, jack beans, cowpeas, and four-barrel beans. The most widely cultivated main beans, cowpeas and peas in southern China, therefore, the following mainly describes the cultivation techniques of these three legumes.