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High-yielding Cultivation Techniques of Stropharia
Stropharia globosa, also known as the wrinkled mushroom, crumpled mushroom, and red wine mushroom, is one of the top ten mushrooms on the international mushroom trading market, and is also the mushroom that the FAO recommends to developing countries for cultivation. one. In 1922, Americans first discovered and reported Stropharia. In 1930, wild Stropharia was found in Germany and Japan. Since the successful cultivation of artificial domestication in East Germany in 1969, it has gradually become an edible mushroom cultivated in many European and American countries such as Poland, Hungary, and the former Soviet Union. In 1980, the Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences introduced strains from Poland and successfully planted them. Through the promotion of introduction experiments over the past few years, Stropharia gigantea has a very broad prospect of development. First of all, the cultivation technique is simple and extensive, it can be directly cultivated with raw materials, has a strong anti-miscellaneous ability, and is easy to obtain success; secondly, the rich source of cultivated materials, it can grow on a variety of straw culture materials (such as straw, wheat straw, linen Stalk, etc.). In our country's vast rural areas, it can be used as a major measure to deal with straw. After cultivation, the waste can be directly returned to the field to improve the soil and increase fertility. Thirdly, the Stropharia globulus is highly resistant to stress and can adapt to a wide temperature range. It can grow in the range of 4 to 30°C. Because it is suitable for a long time, it is beneficial to Adjustment is listed when other edible fungi or vegetables are in the off-season; Fourth, Stropharia globosa is easily accepted by consumers because it has high yield, low production costs, and rich nutrition. 1 Biological characteristics 1.1 Morphological characteristics Fruiting bodies are single, clustered or grouped, medium to large, and individual mushroom groups can reach several kilograms. Caps are nearly cattle-shaped, flattened and 5-45 cm in diameter. The caps are fleshy and slightly sticky when wet. The delicate fruiting body is white at first, and often has nipple-like small protrusions. As the fruit body grows, the cap is gradually red-brown to a reddish-brown or dark brown wine, faded brown to gray-brown after aging. Some vegetative scaly fibrous scales disappear gradually as the fruit body matures. The edge of the cap is involute, often with fragments of the screen. Muscular meat hypertrophy, white color. The hyphae grow straight, densely arranged, initially stained white, and then turned gray, with the cap flat, gradually turning brown or purple black. Stipe nearly cylindrical, slightly enlarged near the base, stalk length 5-20 cm, stalk thick 0.5-4 cm, cyst membrane, thicker or double layer, located in the upper middle of the handle, white or nearly white, above There are rough stripes, deep cracks into several fragments, the tips of the lobes roll slightly upwards, easy to fall off, often disappear in the mature fruiting body. 1.2 Ecological habits Stropharia globosa is born from spring to autumn on the grass in the forest, on the edge of the forest or on the roadside, in the garden, in the garbage dump, in the sawdust or in the cattle and horse dung on the pasture. Artificial cultivation in addition to 7-9 months, no mushrooms, other months can be long mushroom, but in late October to early December and early March to April early spring more than mushroom, fast growth. Wild Stropharia on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau grows on the litter layer under the broad-leaved forest and in the Panxi area on coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests. 1.3 The distribution of Stropharia in nature is distributed in Europe, North America, Asia and other places. In European countries, such as Poland, Germany, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, etc. have been cultivated. China's wild Stropharia mushrooms are distributed in Yunnan, Sichuan, Tibet and Jilin. 1.4 Living conditions and cultivation parameters 1.4.1 Moisture and moisture are indispensable factors for the growth of mycelium and fruiting bodies of Stropharia rugoso-annulata. The level of moisture in the matrix has a direct relationship with the growth of mycelium and the amount of long-shelled mushrooms. Hyphae can grow normally when the matrix moisture content is 65%-80%, and the most suitable moisture content is 70%-75%. The water content in the culture material is too high, the mycelium grows poorly, and the performance is thin and weak, and even the original growing hyphae will shrink. In the actual cultivation, it is often found that the water content in the matrix is ​​too high after the mushroom bed is exposed to rain, which seriously affects the germs. Although the mushroom is produced, the yield is not high. Sub-entities generally require an environment with a relative humidity of 85% or more, and about 95%. The hyphae must be raised from the vegetative growth stage to the reproductive stage to increase the relative humidity of the air, so that the mushrooms can be stimulated. Otherwise, the hyphae grow robustly, but the air humidity is low and the mushroom is not ideal. 1.4.2 Nutrient Nutrients are the material basis for life activities of Stropharia globosa and are fundamental guarantees for obtaining high yields. The requirements for nutrition of Stropharia capsula are dominated by carbohydrates and nitrogenous substances. Carbon sources include glucose, sucrose, cellulose, and lignin. Nitrogen sources include amino acids and peptones. In addition, traces of inorganic salts are also needed. The actual cultivation results showed that rice straw, wheat straw, sawdust, etc. can be used as a culture material and can satisfy the carbon source required for the growth of Stropharia capsula. The manure materials and cotton seed hulls used to grow other mushrooms are not very suitable for the cultivation of Stropharia. Bran and rice bran are not only a source of nitrogen nutrition and vitamins, but also an early source of carbon nutrition. 1.4.3 Temperature Temperature is an important factor controlling the mycelium growth and fruit body formation of Stropharia rugoso-annulata. Mycelial growth stage. The temperature range for growth of mycelium of Stropharia rugosomata is 5-36°C, and the optimum growth temperature is 24-28°C. The growth rate below 10°C and above 32°C rapidly declines, and the mycelium grows beyond 36°C. A long time will cause the death of mycelium. At low temperatures, the mycelium grows slowly but does not affect its viability. Fruiting body growth stage. The temperature range for the formation of fruit bodies of Stropharia ostreatus is 4-30°C, and the optimum temperature for primordium formation is 12-25°C. In this temperature range, the higher the temperature, the faster the fruiting body grows, and the smaller the flowering shape is, the easier it is to open the umbrella; at the lower temperature, the fruiting body develops slowly, the flower shape is larger, and the handle is thick and fat. High quality, not easy to open the umbrella. The fruiting body is exposed to frost and snow during its growth. If only certain antifreeze measures are taken, the mushroom bud will survive. When the temperature exceeds 30°C, the fruit body primordium is difficult to form. 1.4.4 The light growth of Sphagnum edodes mycelia can be completely avoided, but scattered light can promote the formation of solids. In the actual cultivation, the semi-shade environment is adopted in the cultivation site, and the cultivation effect is better. Mainly in two aspects: First, the yield is high; Second, the mushroom is bright and the mushroom body is strong. This may be because the sun raises the ground temperature and promotes the exchange of air in the matrix to satisfy the hypha and Physical requirements for nutrition, temperature, air, moisture, etc. However, if the sun is exposed to direct sunlight for a long period of time, the humidity of the air is reduced, and the mushroom that is rapidly growing and is close to the harvesting period will be cracked, affecting the appearance of the product. 1.4.5 Stropharia spp. is an aerobic fungus. Fresh air is one of the most important environments for normal growth and development. In the mycelial growth stage, the requirement for ventilation is insensitive, and the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air can reach 0.5-1%. In the growth and development stage of the fruit body, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air is required to be less than 0.15%. When air does not circulate and oxygen is insufficient, the growth of mycelium and the development of its fruit bodies will be inhibited. Especially when large amounts of fruit bodies occur, more attention should be paid to the ventilation of the site. Only by ensuring that the air of the site is fresh, it is possible to obtain high quality and high yield. 1.4.6 PH value Stropharia can be grown at a pH of 4.5-9, but a slightly acidic environment with a pH of 5-7 is more suitable. In the medium with higher pH, the growth of mycelia in the early stage is slow, but in the process of mycelium metabolism, organic acids are produced and the pH in the medium is decreased. Hyphae can grow normally under the natural pH value of straw culture medium. 1.4.7 During the vegetative growth stage of S. edodes mycelium, soil can grow normally in the absence of soil, but the overburden can promote the formation of fruit bodies. Not cover the earth, although it can also grow mushrooms, but the time is obviously extended, which is related to the microorganisms in the cover layer. The covered soil is required to contain humus and has a soft texture and a high water retention rate. The cover soil is suitable for the soil in the garden, and sand and clay should not be used. The soil pH is preferably 5.7-6.0. In summary, the main parameters for cultivation of Stropharia spp. are: (1) Bacteria incubation temperature 21-27°C, culture material moisture content 70-75%, carbon dioxide concentration greater than 2%, ventilation 0-1 times per hour No light is needed. (2) Mushroom formation primordium differentiation temperature 10-16 °C, relative humidity 95-98%, carbon dioxide concentration less than 0.15%, ventilation 4-8 times per hour or according to the concentration of carbon dioxide, light 100-500 lux . (3) The fruiting body development temperature 16-21 °C, relative humidity 85-95%, carbon dioxide concentration less than 0.15%, ventilation 4-8 times per hour, light 100-500 lux, mushrooming between the two tides 3 - 4 weeks. 2 strains production Stropharia sp. strains production methods and mushrooms, straw mushroom strains production methods are basically the same, can be used tissue separation and spore separation method to obtain pure strains. 2.1 Master culture medium (1) Maltose yeast agar medium: 1 g of soy peptone (soybean meal), 2 g of yeast, 20 g of maltose, 20 g of agar, and water was added to 1000 ml. (2) Potato Glucose Yeast Culture Medium: Potato 300 g (water 1500 ml, boiled for 20 minutes, using filter juice), 2 g of yeast, 1 g of soybean meal, 10 g of glucose, and 20 g of agar, and add water to 1000 ml. (3) Malt flour Maltose yeast agar medium: 80 g of oat flour, 10 g of maltose, 2 g of yeast, 20 g of agar, and adding water to 1000 ml. The above three formulations can be used as a liquid medium if no agar is added. The above medium should be prepared, packed, sterilized, inoculated and cultured as usual. 2.2 The original species and cultivars culture medium (1) wheat stalk or bare wheat straw, chopped (2-3 cm long), soaked, bottling, autoclaved and used. (2) Soaked wheat, rye, sorghum, corn, millet and other grains, boiled until there is no white heart but the skin is not broken, add 2% calcium carbonate, bottling, autoclave after use. (3) 40% of sawdust and wood chips, and 20% of bran, and a cultivating medium was prepared. Can also be used Pleurotus ostreatus or mushroom waste as a medium for re-sterilization after use. 2.3 Inoculation can be inoculated with liquid strains cultured for 3-4 days. If the use of solid strains must increase the inoculum size, the minimum inoculum size is 10%, preferably 15-20%. 2.4 After the culture is inoculated, the strainer bottle or bag is cultured in a 20-28°C incubator. A few days after the Stropharia mycelium grows, the growth rate of the mycelium gradually becomes slow, and the method of accelerating the growth of the mycelium is stirring. Sterilized wheat culture medium inoculated with liquid strains is shaken once every 3 to 7 days to shake off the mycelium, which can stimulate the regeneration of hyphae and ensure hypha growth. 3 Cultivation Management 3.1 Cultivation materials Stropharia capsula can use crop straw raw materials, without any organic fertilizer, mycelium can grow normally and mushroom. If nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer or potash fertilizer is added to the straw, mycelium growth of Stropharia rugosoides is very poor. Sawdust, manure, leaves, and hay are not ideal for the cultivation of Stropharia. Crop straw can be rice straw, wheat straw, barley straw, rye straw, flax stalk, and the like. Both early rice straw and late rice straw can be used, but the late rice straw has a long growth period, and the texture of straw straw is rougher; it is used to cultivate large bulbous capsella mushrooms, which has a longer maturing period and higher yield. The quality of rice straw has a direct impact on the yield of Stropharia. Straw suitable for cultivation of Stropharia should be dry and fresh. Straw that has been stored for a long period of time may have been partially decomposed due to the action of microorganisms, and hides such as cockroaches, nematodes, collembola, molds, etc., which will seriously affect the yield and are not suitable for cultivation. Clean, fresh, and dry straw is not conducive to the growth of various molds and pests. Therefore, the mycelium growth of Stropharia rugoso-annulata on this culture medium is very fast and the yield of fresh mushrooms is very high. Experiments have shown that Stropharia ostreatus can produce 12 kilograms per square meter on fresh stalks, while the straw used in the previous year only produced 5 kilograms of fresh mushrooms per square metre, and only grows on old stalks per square metre of straw. Produce 1 kg of fresh mushrooms. In addition to the main materials, it is also necessary to prepare the cover for the construction of the pile and the rainproof film. Cover can be used waste sacks, after cleaning and drying, cut the bottom and side, flattening, larger holes to make up. It can also be covered with a thick non-woven fabric or straw and also covered with stacked waste newspapers. 3.2 Cultivation methods The Stropharia capsula can be cultivated in the mushroom house, box cultivation and bed frame cultivation, and is suitable for intensive production. At present, Germany, Poland, and the United States mainly use Yangshuo in outdoor (gardens and orchards) for extensive bare land or protected cultivation. In China, there are also many outdoor raw materials cultivation, because they do not require special equipment, are simple to produce, easy to manage, have low cultivation costs, and have good economic returns. 3.3 The cultivation season depends on the biological characteristics of Stropharia and the local climate, cultivation facilities and other conditions. In Central and Eastern European countries, Stropharia is cultivated from mid-May to mid-June. In China's North China area, if it is protected by a plastic greenhouse, except for a brief winter and hot summer, production can be arranged almost throughout the year. In warmer areas, winter fields can be used to cultivate sheds. The sowing date is from mid-late November to early December, so that the peak of the mushrooming period is around the Spring Festival, or the sowing date will be adjusted according to market demand, making the peak of the fruiting season in the season when the off-season vegetables or other edible fungi are listed. 3.4 The cultivation of outdoor cultivation is the main method of cultivation of Stropharia. Warm, sheltered and shaded areas provide a microclimate suitable for the growth of Stropharia capsula. The semi-shaded areas are more suitable for the growth of Stropharia capsula, but the continuous shade (such as the shade under the big tree) will seriously affect the Stropharia The growth and development. 3.4.1 Selection of Cultivation Fields 1 It is advisable to choose a place near the water source where drainage is convenient. Due to the large amount of straw used in the cultivation, it needs to be soaked, and the whole management process needs to spray moisturize and require water. However, it is not possible to collect water in the rainy season to ensure the normal growth of Stropharia. 2 Fertile, sunny, and partially shaded areas. The giant oyster mushroom grows in a semi-shade environment. Avoid sloping grounds and overly damp areas. Appropriate suitable planting can get better economic benefits, or slightly modified to create conditions to meet the growth and development requirements of Stropharia. For example, in citrus, chestnut, garden or winter fields, three-dimensional planting, the combination of fruit bacteria and forest bacteria, rational use of light energy resources. Fruit trees and garden trees create a shady and moist environment for Stropharia. Oxygen released from the photosynthesis of green plants greatly satisfies the aerobic characteristics of Stropharia gigantea. The carbon dioxide emitted from Stropharia gigantea increases Photosynthesis of fruit trees, they have both complementary nutrients, but also a good cycle of gas exchange, there are obvious economic, ecological and social benefits. 3.4.2 Soil preparation The first step is to create a drainage ditch around the cultivation field, mainly to prevent the accumulation of water after the rain. The concrete method for soil preparation is to put some of the surface layer of soil on top of it for later use, and then The land is formed into a ridge shape, with a slightly higher middle, and slightly lower on both sides. The beak is 10-15 cm in height, 90 cm in width, and 150 cm in length. The distance between the beak and the beak is 40 cm. If cultivated in the garden, according to the terrain of the garden, the mushroom bed can be built directly on the ravioli, so as not to affect the growth of the trees, it is not necessary to turn the soil and build the mushroom bed in the middle of the two trees or slightly near the raft and the side so as to make the orchard management. In order to create a semi-shade eco-environment for the cultivation of plastic bulbs in winter plastic fields, we can add a layer of plastic shade nets at the top, or use shammy crops such as peas, autumn cucumbers, loofah, etc. In addition to creating a semi-shadow, moisturizing and warming environment with straws. Ventilation management is based on changes in temperature and mushrooming conditions. 3.5 Soddy pre-pile 3.5.1 Straw soaking in water Before the mound is built, the straw must first absorb the water and then introduce the clean water into the ditch or pool. Soak the straw directly into the water and soak the grass and soak the grass. The time is usually about 2 days. Different varieties of straw have slightly different time for soaking. In early-stage straw with soft texture, the time for grass soaking can be shorter, about 36-40 hours; the texture of late-straw is more solid, and the time for soaking grass needs to be longer, about 48 hours. One of the main purposes of straw soaking is to allow the straw to fully absorb the moisture, the second is to reduce the pH in the matrix, and the third is to make it soft to facilitate the operation and to make the straw tighter. To soak the grass in the pool, change the water every day 1-2 times. In addition to direct soaking, straw can also be used to absorb moisture. The specific approach is to put straw on the ground, spray water 2-3 times a day, and spray water for 6-10 days. If the quantity is large, it must be turned several times to make the straw absorb water evenly. Short, scattered straw can be soaked or showered in bags or baskets. For soaked or leached straw, drain naturally for 12-24 hours and let the moisture content reach 70-75%. A handful of straw can be hand-picked and tightened. If water droplets are oozing out of the grass, and water droplets are broken, indicating that the water content is moderate; if the water droplets continue to line, indicating that the water content is too high, can extend it Drain the time. If there is no water seepage after tightening, it means that the water content is low, and it is necessary to make up the water and build a heap. 3.5.2 Pre-fermentation During daytime temperatures above 23°C, pre-fermentation is required to prevent the growth of hyphae after the stack has been fermented and the temperature is increased. It is best to pre-fermentate when sowing in late summer and early autumn. The specific method is to put the soaked rice straw on a relatively flat ground and stack a haystack that is about 1.5-2 meters wide and 1-1.5 meters high. A heap, and then 2-3 days can be transferred to the cultivation field to build a heap sowing. 3.6 Pile-making sowing 3.6.1 After the completion of the construction of the pile-sowing process, the pile can be built. The most important thing for stacking bacterium beds is to push the stalks down. Forage thickness 20 cm, the maximum thickness of not more than 30 cm, not less than 20 cm. The amount of hay used per square meter is 20-30 kg, with 600-700 grams of seed. When the grass is piled, the grass stacked on each floor is about 10 cm away from the edge. Generally, it is piled in three layers, each layer is about 8 cm thick, and the size of the strains is weighed into the size of a pigeon egg and sowed between two layers of forage. The depth of the seeding hole is 5-8 cm, and the plum blossoms are on demand. The distance is 10-12 cm. Increasing the number of holes for sowing can make the mycelium grow faster. With regard to the form of piled grass, localities can be set up everywhere. For example, refer to the method of growing straw grass first and then layering or stacking the material to a larger straw (grain weighing 5-7 kg) and stuffing the grass into the straw. Then put the entire bundle of grass on the ground. Generally, three bales of grass can be piled together. Regardless of the form used to construct the heap, the following principles must be mastered: 1 The grass should be as strong as possible in order to facilitate the growth of mycelium, and conditions can be used after rolling to build a heap. 2 It is better to use a small pile, usually about 1 square meter, with a height of 25 cm. As long as the piles are built to facilitate walking, the spacing can be appropriately reduced to make full use of the land. 3 The trapezoid shape is better, the bottom layer is larger, and the top surface is inwardly contracted so as to cover the soil. Do not over-smash the 4 bacterial seed blocks. Generally, the size of the pigeon eggs is good. After the completion of the construction of the reactor, select 3-4 representative haystacks and insert thermometers to observe the reactor temperature. 3.6.2 Covering the Cover After the sowing is completed, the cover of the stack shall be covered. Covers may be old sacks, non-woven fabrics, straw curtains, old newspapers, etc. The old sacks have strong moisture retention and are easy to handle. The best results are generally obtained with a single layer. Large-scale cultivation can also be covered with straw curtains. Covers on haystacks should always be kept moist to prevent haystacks from drying out. Saturate the sacks in clean water, remove them and drain them to cover the haystacks. The grass curtains used for covering are neither sparse nor too thick, so that when the water is sprayed on the straw curtain, the excess moisture does not penetrate into the material. If the use of non-woven fabrics, old newspapers, because of its light weight, easy to be lifted by the wind, small stones can be pressed. 3.7 Management during germination period The regulation of temperature and humidity is a central part of cultivation and management. Stropharia capsularis requires a heap temperature of 22-28°C during the mycelium growth stage, 70-75% of the water content of the culture material, and 85-90% relative humidity. At the time of sowing, appropriate control measures should be taken according to the actual situation to maintain its appropriate degree and humidity indicators, and create a favorable environment to promote the recovery and growth of mycelium. 3.7.1 Water conditioning of the mushroom bed Before the stack is built, the straw must absorb enough moisture. This is the key to ensure that the mushroom bed maintains sufficient humidity. Within 20 days after sowing, it is generally not directly spray water on the mushroom bed. Normally, the water is only sprayed on the covering, so that no excess water flows into the material, which is beneficial to the growth of the mycelia in the pile. If the early rice straw absorbs water insufficiently, the straw will grow white and dry after the pile is built, which will cause the mycelial growth rate to slow down. If the air temperature is high, it will also cause a significant increase in the temperature of the heap, affect the survival of the bacteria species, even if the water is added later, it is difficult to achieve satisfactory results. This not only increases the workload, but also does not favor mycelial growth. For outdoor cultivation, plastic film is needed to prevent rain, especially in the 20 days after sowing. Rainwater infiltration can cause excessive humidity in the heap. If it encounters rain during this period, it can be covered with a film on the cover. After the rain, the film is lifted and the water around the mushroom bed is eliminated. 3.7.2 During the growth phase of the mycelium, the water growth stage of the hyphae should be sprayed in an appropriate amount; the amount of mycelium on the mushroom bed has been significantly increased, occupying more than 1/2 of the cultivation material, if the surface of the mushroom bed Dry hair should be sprayed properly. Mushroom different parts of the water spray should also have differences, the side of the mushroom bed should be more than spray, the middle part of the spray or not spray, if the mushroom bed has reached the required humidity, do not spray every day, otherwise it will cause mycelium decline. 3.7.3 Temperature Regulation During the 1 to 2 days after sowing, the temperature of the reactor will generally increase slightly. The stack temperature is required to be between 20-30°C, preferably around 25°C, so that the mycelium grows fast and robust. After the construction of the piles for planting, the changes in the temperature of the stacks should be regularly observed each morning and afternoon so that appropriate measures can be taken in time to prevent anomalies in the stack temperature. When the heap temperature is below 20°C, grass quilts are thickened in the morning and at night, covered with plastic film, and then lifted off when the sunrise. When the temperature of the reactor is high, the cause of the increase in the temperature of the reactor should be found and corresponding countermeasures should be taken. If the straw soaking time is too short, or the water absorption is not uniform, the heap temperature will increase significantly after 2-3 days after the pile is built, which may exceed 32°C. At this point, the upper part of the haystack should be turned over and sprinkled properly. After 2-3 days, the grass should be re-arranged and it is best to replant a portion of the strain. If the stack temperature is high but does not exceed 30°C, simply remove the cover and play 2-3 holes at intervals in the center of the haystack. The diameter of the hole is about 3cm, and the depth is 15-20cm. The heap temperature of the culture medium is mainly affected by the temperature. Whether the culture materials need to be pre-fermented should be flexibly handled according to the cultivation season. In the late summer and early autumn, pre-fermentation should be performed when the temperature is high, and no pre-fermentation should be performed when the temperature is low and the heap temperature is difficult to maintain. After sowing the grass, the piles can be sowed directly. Under the condition of low temperature, the growth of mycelia can also be promoted. In addition, the cultivation of Stropharia bulbs at different seasons can also adjust the stacking temperature through the different shades and ventilation degrees of the site. 3.8 About 30 days after sowing, the hyphae are nearly covered with culture materials. At this time, the heap can be covered with soil. Sometimes the surface culture material is dry, and no hyphae can be seen on the surface of the haystack. You can gently dig the material surface and check the hyphae in the middle and lower layers. If the two inoculated hyphae in the two adjacent points are close to each other, then You can cover the soil. The specific soil cover time should also be treated differently in combination with different seasons and different climatic conditions. If the pile is planted in early spring season, in the event of rain, the hyphae will be close to the long-distributed material before covering the soil; if the pile is planted in the fall, the climate is relatively dry, and the soil may be properly covered in advance, or the soil may be subdivided twice, that is, for the first time. When constructing the heap, a small amount of soil was covered and only the top of the pile was covered, and some of the straw was still visible. The second time the soil was covered and the hyphae approached the open material. Mushroom cover soil on the one hand can promote the kinks of the hyphae, on the other hand, it also plays a positive role in moisture preservation. Under normal circumstances, under the conditions of pure culture, the hyphae of Stropharia ergata is difficult to form fruit bodies despite the vigorous propagation of mycelium in the culture materials, or it may take a long time before a small number of fruit bodies will appear. But to cover suitable soil and meet its appropriate temperature and humidity, fruiting bodies can be formed quickly. 3.8.1 Selection of Covering Soil The quality of covered soil has a great influence on the yield of Stropharia. The earth-covering materials are required to be fertile, loose, and capable of holding water, eliminating carbon dioxide and other gases generated in the culture materials. Humus soil has protective properties, a granular structure, suitable for earth covering materials. Foreign countries believe that 50% of humus soil plus 50% peat land, PH value of 5.7 can be used as a standard casing material. In practical cultivation, more local materials are used, and the loess soil with loose texture is selected. This soil is soft, with a high water holding capacity, rich in humus, and a pH of 5.5-6.5. Forest soil is also suitable as cover material. Alkaline, viscous, lacking humus, poor granule structure, or poor sand retention, sandy loam, clay, or peat alone are not compatible with earth-covered materials. 3.8.2 Cover soil method Spread the previously prepared loam soil on the bed of bacteria, with a thickness of 2-4 cm, no more than 5 cm, and 0.05 cubic meters of soil per square meter of bed. After the cover soil must adjust the humidity of the cover soil, requiring the soil water holding rate of 36 - 37%. A simple test method for the soil water retention rate is to squeeze the soil particles by hand. The soil particles become flat but not broken, and they are not sticky, indicating that the water content is appropriate. After the soil covering the soil, the dried bacteria bed can be sprayed with water, requiring finer droplets, so that the water can cover the soil without entering the material. Under normal circumstances, the mycelia can be seen on the cover soil 2 to 3 days after the cover soil. The main work after the soil cover is to adjust the humidity of the cover soil. In order to prevent wet inside, it is best to use wet top cover. The amount of water spray should be flexibly controlled according to the degree of wetness and weather conditions of the site. As long as the water content of the bacteria bed is suitable, it can also be sprayed for 1-2 days or more. The moisture content inside the bacteria bed should not be too high, otherwise it will cause mycelial decay. 3.9 The management mycelium during the formation of fruiting bodies is covered and the soil is gradually transferred to the reproductive stage. Generally 15-20 days after the casing can be mushroom. Management at this stage is another critical period for cultivation of Stropharia. The main focus of work is on moisturizing and ventilation. The relative humidity of air in the mushroom-growth stage is 90-95%. When the climate is dry, pay attention to the moisturizing of the mushroom bed, usually to keep the cover and the cover soil wet. If sack covers are used, soak it in water, remove excess moisture, and then cover the bed of bacteria. Normally, it is treated 1-2 times a day. If straw is used, it can be moisturized by spraying. When the cover is opened, the wet and dry conditions of the cover soil are checked. If the cover soil is dry and white, it must be sprayed properly to make it wet. Spray water must not be excessive, excess water flow within the material will affect the mushroom bed mushroom. In addition, the water content of the heap was sampled. After the hyphae had eaten through the straw, the straw turned pale yellow, and the culture material was squeezed by hand. The culture material was soft and moist, and sometimes there was a slight drop of water. This is normal. phenomenon. If there is mildew or water droplets after the squeeze is continuous high water content, the following remedial measures should be taken promptly, or will be abandoned. (1) Stop water spraying, lift cover, strengthen ventilation, promote evaporation of moisture in the bacteria bed, make the cover and cover soil dry, and then use light spray until the water content in the heap drops. Promote its fruiting. (2) Drain the drain to minimize the groundwater level. (3) Play several holes from the surface of the bed of bacteria or on the side near the ground to promote air circulation in the bed of bacteria. Strengthen the ventilation and light transmission, and let it receive natural light directly while spraying water and lifting the cover every day. Ventilation can also affect the quality and yield of mushrooms. When there are a large number of fruiting bodies in the bed, more attention should be paid to ventilation. In particular, cultivation in plastic greenhouses is required to increase the amount of ventilation and prolong the ventilation time, sometimes up to 1-2 hours. In the citrus garden cultivation, fresh air does not have to increase ventilation times. The site is well-ventilated, and the stalks of the grown mushrooms are short, and the mushrooms are robust and have a high yield. The suitable temperature of the mushroom for mushrooming is 12-25°C. When the temperature is lower than 4°C or more than 30°C, it is not long mushroom. The different seasons of Stropharia showed a large difference in the fruiting period. In the period from October to December and March to April in Fujian, the temperature in Fujian is appropriate, and the mushrooming is fast, neat, and the fruiting time is shortened accordingly. In late autumn or winter sowing, the whole growing period is significantly prolonged, and its fruiting period will be relatively prolonged. In order to adjust the suitable mushrooming temperature, the ambient temperature can be in an ideal range by adjusting the illumination time, the spraying time, and the degree of ventilation of the site during the mushrooming period. During the period of the long mushroom, if it encounters frost, three should pay attention to thick grass, cover small buds; the second is to spray less water or not to prevent direct damage by freezing. In Guangdong and Guangdong, as long as the cover is covered with grass cover, plus the protection of the ground temperature, the buds can be spent safely, but if the buds are directly exposed, the temperature is below 0°C, and the buds are affected by dry cold wind, especially the northwest wind. Attacks can cause freezing damage. Protected shed cultivation, even if it is continuous low temperature, will not cause freezing damage. The seedlings are planted in late autumn or winter and the growth of mycelium seems to be very slow. However, the low temperature of frost does not cause freezing damage to the mycelia, and it can safely survive the winter. During the fruiting period, the water, aeration, and picking mushrooms often have to be moved over the cover and must be handled gently during the management process. Especially when there are a large number of mushroom buds on the bed, the bamboo can be used to slightly lift the cover and prevent touching. Injury mushroom buds. 3.10 pest control Stropharia capsularis resistant, easy to cultivate. According to the practice of cultivation and the promotion in recent years, no serious damage has been done to the growth of Stropharia. However, before the mushrooming, occasionally there will be some bacteria, such as comatus, plate mushroom, bare cap mushroom and other competitive bacteria, of which the more common is the ghost umbrella. In the cultivation process of Stropharia, more common pests are fleas, hoppers, mushroom mosquitoes, ants, cockroaches and so on. The main prevention and control measures are now described as follows: 3.10.1 Coprinus often occurs when a mycelium grows poorly on a bed of bacteria or when a poor quality straw is used as a cultivation medium. The main prevention measures are as follows: 1 The straw is required to be fresh and dried, and allowed to be exposed to the sun for 2-3 days before the cultivation. The sunlight is used to kill the comatus and other spores. 2 Grasp the moisture content of the culture material during the cultivation process so that the mycelium grows robustly and its mycelium is absolutely dominant. 3 Coprinus comatus and Stropharia spp. belong to the fungus, which grows in the same environment, and it is difficult to completely eradicate. When the fruit body is found in the bed, it should be removed as soon as possible. 3.10.2 Common Insect Pest Control Measures 1 Select a good site, and it is strictly forbidden to cultivate in areas where there are many termites. It is better not to keep the field for many years in order to prevent pests from breeding. 2 During the cultivation process, 0.5% of dichlorvos cotton balls can be placed around the bed to repel insects such as cockroaches, collembola, and mushroom mosquitoes. It is also possible to put newspapers, waste cloths and sugar liquids on the bed of bacteria, or to seduce and kill crickets with freshly roasted pork bones or oil cakes. For collembola, one part of honey, 10 parts of water and 90% of trichlorfon are mixed to seduce. 3 When the ant nest is found in the cultivation field or haystack, it should be promptly sprinkled and killed. If it is red ant, it can be used to spread the ant powder on the place where there is an ant road. After the ant eats it, it can kill the whole nest and the effect is very good. If the white ant, can be used termite powder 1-3 grams sprayed into the nest, about 5-7 days can be effective. In the dark and humid environment, we should choose high ground, convenient irrigation and drainage, and shade cultivation at 50-70%. The prevention and control of cockroaches can be carried out by using their regular pattern of clear rain and rain, and can also be sprayed with 10% saline water around the site to drive the cockroaches. 5 In outdoor cultivation fields, rats often make nests on the grass, destroy the bed of bacteria, and injure the mycelium and mushroom buds. In the early stages, there may be methods to cut food or take baiting. The mice can also be dripped around the cultivation field and on the edge of the bed of bacteria, allowing other mice to flee. 4 The harvested bulbous cap mushroom is larger than the general edible mushroom. Generally, the edible mushroom weight is about 10 grams, while the bulbous bulbous mushroom weight is about 60 grams, and the heaviest can reach 2500 grams and the diameter is 5-40 centimeters. Should be based on maturity, market demand timely harvest. It takes about 5 to 10 days for the fruit body to emerge from the bud, that is, to expose the white spot to maturity. The performance varies with temperature. The growth rate is slow at low temperatures, while the mushroom body is hypertrophic and is not easy to open. On the contrary, at high temperatures, the performance of small flowers is easy to open. The entire growth period can receive three tidal mushrooms, generally the highest yield in the second tide. Each wave of mushrooms and about 15-25 days. Under natural conditions in Fujian Province, fruiting can be from late January to late May or early June. The most suitable season for fruiting is from late October to early December and from March to April. When the fruit pleats of fruiting bodies have not been ruptured or have just ruptured, when the mushroom cover is bell-shaped, it is suitable for harvesting. At the latest, it should be rolled in the vegetative cover and the pleats should be harvested when the pleats are grayish. If the pleats become mature, the pleats will turn dark. Purple gray or dark brown, when harvested flat flat will reduce the value of goods. Mushrooms with different degrees of maturity have great differences in quality and taste, and it is better not to open an umbrella. When reaching the harvesting standard, use the thumb, index finger, and middle finger to grasp the lower part of the mushroom body, gently twist it, and then pull up and pull it up. Take care to avoid loosening the surrounding mushroom buds. After harvesting mushrooms, the holes left on the bacteria bed should be promptly filled in, and the remaining mushrooms should be removed from the bed so as to avoid injuring insect pests and jeopardizing the healthy mushrooms. The mushrooms that are harvested should be cut off with their mud-filled mushrooms. 5 Sales and Processing 5.1 Fresh mushrooms harvested and sold will remove residual soil, culture and other contaminants, remove sick and infested mushrooms, and put them into bamboo baskets or plastic baskets. They will be shipped to the point of sale as soon as possible. Fresh mushrooms are placed in a cool, ventilated place to avoid the appearance of fluffy aerial hyphae on the surface of the cap and affect the appearance. Fresh mushrooms are kept fresh at 2-3°C for 2-3 days. The quality of the mushrooms will be declining. 5.2 The domestic processing method of Stropharia capsularis processing is still in the experimental exploration stage. At present, there are no quality standards and a more complete plus 212 212 arts process. Now only the following methods are proposed for reference. (1) Dry method refers to the dehydration method of mushroom and straw mushroom, using artificial mechanical dehydration method. Or after the mushroom is killed, it is discharged onto a bamboo sieve and dehydrated in the dehydrator to give a moisture content of 11-13%. After dehydration, the dehydrated and dried Stropharia capsula has a strong aroma and a good taste. The Umbrella is processed by this method to improve the quality. Can also be baked dehydration, baking with a temperature of 40 °C to 78% dry and then heated to 50-60 °C, until the mushroom foot dry, cool and timely into the plastic food bags, to prevent dried mold resurgence of mold deterioration. (2) Saline can be processed with saltwater mushroom processing method, using salted method to process Stropharia. The large bulbous mushroom body is generally larger, and it takes 8 to 12 minutes to kill the green bulb. The mushroom body is cooked and not bad for the degree, depending on the size of the mushroom body. Mushrooms usually sink in cold water, while mushrooms rise. Press a layer of salt and a layer of mushrooms to install the cylinder, press the weight and then cover. The salt water must not pass the mushroom body. The depth of salt water is Baume 22 degrees. (3) Canning Experts believe that this mushroom is suitable for processing cans and can be processed with reference to the processing method of mushrooms. Due to the large difference in the size of the mushroom body of the Stropharia, the quality and size of the mushroom should be selected as the raw material.